Digital Signal formatting

digital Signal info cultivateattingtingIntroduction Digital Signal formatting is the process of transforming selective information from unrivalled format into another.. This is frequently pr coiffeice sessiond in many digital devices and for communication processes. A digital system is a data technology that affairs discrete (dis in variant) values. By contrast, non-digital (or analog) systems use a continuous range of values to represent information. Although digital representations be discrete, the information de eviscerateate sess be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or icons, or continuous, such as sounds, throws, and other measurements of continuous systems.Now we discuss about in the detail luff format in digital systems.Non-return-to- zero(a) format atomic number 53 of the simplest offices to transmit digital data is by having a sepa arrange time and data track. In this approach, a time signal of constant frequency is synchronised with its synonymous d ata. Depending upon the preference of the designer, the data is either latched on the rising or fall edge of the clock.For a given data signalling rate that is the play rate, the NRZ inscribe stick out requires only one half of the band-width required by the ing. When we utilise to show data in an a coexistent communication evasion, the absence of a neutral state requires other rules for data backup to replace method use for error get wordion when using synchronising data when a separate clk signal is available present.NRZ Level itself is not a coexistent system merely besides encryption that muckle be utilize in either a synchronous or asynchronous transmission system environment that is with or with out an external clock signal abstruse in it. Because of that it is not strictly important to discuss how the NRZ-Level convert act as on a clock edge and during a clock cycle since all conversions happen in the given amount of prison term represents the actual impli ed integral clock cycle. The reliable question is that of sampling the senior high school/low state be received correctly provided the transmission line has stabilizes for that arcminute when the corporal line level is sampled at the receiving end.However whitethorn be it is handy to see NRZ pitch contours as happening on the tracking clock edge in order to comp be NRZ-Level to other en recruit methods such the given Manchester coding which require clock edge information and to see the difference betwixt the NRZ Mark and NRZ Inverted signals.Uni-polar Non-Return-to-Zero LevelOne is represents by the one physical level Zero is represented by an other levels which is a + potential level.In the clock language the 1 transitions and remain highest on the trailing clock edge of the previous man and 0 transitions or remains low on the trailing clock edge of the previous buffalo chip, or may be just the opposite. This allows for great serial without heighten, which makes synchron ization tight. There is only the solutions are to not pass around the bytes or data without uses of transitions.The fig show a line represents the physical zero under the biased formal zero shows the slight ordinarily case of 1 universe a higher voltage level.Non Return-to-Zero quadrangleOne is represents by no change in physical level.0 is represents by the change in physical stage. In clock language the level transitions on the trailing clock peak point of previous s to represent 0.That change on zero is used by tall Level Data Link and USB. They avoid commodious intervals of time of no transition whether in that respect may be, when the data contains long sequence of 1 bout by using zero bit insertion. HDLC transmitters insert a zero bit after five contiguous one bits debar when transmitting the frame. USB transmitters insert a zero bit after six continuously 1 bits. The receiver at the far end use the each transition some(prenominal) from zero bits in the data and these bare(a) 0 bits for maintain clock synchronize. The receiver rather than ignore these non zero bits.Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI)NRZI-transition occurs for a zeroNon return to zero, inverted is technique of detect a binary to a analog signal for transmission all everywhere some transmitter medium. There are 2 level NRZI signal has a transition at a clock boundary if there is the bit being sent is a limpid one and doesnt having a transition if the bit being transmit is a logical zero.1 is represented by a transition of the physical level. 0 has no transition.Also the NRZI may be take the opposite convention in Universal Serial Bus signalling, when in the Mode one transition when signalling zero and steady level when signalling one. The transition occurs upon the leading edge of the clock for the given bit. This distinguishes NRZI from NRZ tick. Even thoughr, even NRZI can have long series of zeros (ones if transitioning on o), so clock recovery can be difficult unless some form of run length limited coding is used on top. Magnetic disk and tape generally uses fixed rate RLL codes while USB uses bit stuffing, which is more efficient, but results in a variable data rate it takes lower levelto send a long meander of 1 bits over USB than it does to send a long string of 0 bits.Return-to-zeroThe binary signal is encoded using rectangular flash amplitude pitch contour with polar return-to-zero codeReturn-to-zero (RZ) describes a line code used in telecommunications signals in which the signal drops (returns) to zero between each pulse. Returns to zero intonation formats are becoming increasingly democratic for long-haul optical fiber transmission systems at bit rates of 10 Gb/s and above. Previously, the benefits of RZ formats were often overlooked, because they require larger bandwidth than non-return-to-zero (NRZ) formats, and their generation typically requires two cascaded Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators. In late(a) years, it has been shown that RZ can have superior performance over NRZ in reliable regimes where chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearities are present 2-4, as the RZ pulse may exhibit soliton-like properties. In addition, RZ has greater tolerance to polarization-mode dispersion than NRZ recent research has compared the performance of RZ with polar modulation techniques, including binary ON-OFF keying (OOK) and binary differential phase-shift keying (2-DPSK) RZ pulses are frequently generated by driving an MZ modulator by a curving drive waveform we assume throughout this paper that RZ pulses are generated in this manner. We define the pulse barter cycle as TFWHM/TS, where TFWHM is the pulsewidth (full-width at half-maximum intensity), and TS is the type duration. Depending on the drive waveform amplitude and bias, RZ pulses can have duty cycles of 33%, 50%, and 67%. In particular, 67% RZ is often referred to as carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ).Biphase mark codeThe biphase mark code is a type of encoding format for binary data sprouts. When a binary data pour is sent without modification via a channel, there can be long series of logical ones or zeros without any transitions which makes clock recovery and synchronization difficult. Streams encoded in NRZ are affected by the same problem. Using biphase mark code makes synchronization easier by ensuring that there is at least one transition on the channel between every data bit in this way it behaves much like the Manchester code scheme.Every bit of the original data is represented as two logical states which, together, form a bit. Every logical 1 in the input is represented as two different bits (10 or 01) in the fruit. The input logical 0 is represented as two equal bits (00 or 11) in the output. Every logical level at the start of a cellphone is inversion of the level at the end of the previous cell. In BMC output the logical 1 and 0 are represented with the same voltage amplitude but opposite polarities, as shown in the follow ing imageThese coding provides a better results there is a change in the polarity at the minimum every two bits. That is not pick out to know the polarity of the sent signal since the information is not unplowed in the actual values of the voltage but in their change in other words it does not matter whether a logical 1 or 0 is received.At last BMC code signal has 0 average DC voltage, therefore decreasing the necessary sending antecedent and also reduces the electro magnetic disturbance generated by the transmission line. All these + aspects are achieved at the expense of doubling clock frequency.Manchester encodingManchester encoding offers clear-cut advantages over other digital encoding schemes. It has become a popular standardised for low-cost radio frequency communication of digital data.In reality, Manchester encoding was the result of research done at the University of Manchester into phase modulation techniques used for reading and writing digital data onto a magnetic s torage device. Since that time, Manchester encoding has gained all-encompassing acceptance as the modulation scheme for low-cost radio-frequency transmission of digital data. One of the most significant characteristics of Manchester encoding is its unique way of representing digital data. Rather than representing dataConstruction of Manchester-encoded data Manchester encoding is very easy to construct. You simply combine the serial bits to be encoded with the clock runningat the bit-boundary rate When you compare the Manchester-encoded output with the bit stream, youll see the same waveform.Decoding Manchester-encoded Data Decoding Manchester-encoded data is as easy as encoding it. You simply perform an exclusive-OR of the Manchester encoded signal with a logical 1 at the bit-boundary sample points, as shown in Fig. derivative Manchester encodingA more esoteric version of Manchester encoding is a scheme called Differential Manchester encoding (DME). Think of it as Manchester encodi ng on steroids. DME is a more efficient encoding scheme because it requires less bandwidth than standard Manchester encoding. The overhead of transmitting a data stream using DME is less because it doesnt require a preamble, which is used by the DPLL to lock onto the clock frequency. Because of this, DME can be found in networks, such as fast Ethernet over copper twisted-pair wiring. DME differs from standard Manchester encoding in one simple way Manchester encoding represents binary data based on a autocratic or negative edge transition at each bit boundary. DME represents data by the presence or absence of a transition between two bit boundaries. Simply stated, if a transition occurs between a bit boundary, its represented as a binary 0. An absence of a transition signifies a binary 1. As a escort to this reintroduction to the basics of Manchester encoding for lowbit serial network applications, a second obligate is available online at Embedded.com. The article will leverage fr om the theory presented here and offer a practical, real-world example that illustrates the simplicity of implementing Manchester encoding into a real embedded design.AMI (Alternate Mark everting) encode format AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) is a synchronous clock encoding technique which uses bipolar pulses to represent logical 1 values. It is therefore a three level system. A logical 0 is represented by no symbol, and a logical 1 by pulses of alternating polarity. The alternating coding prevents the build-up of a d.c. voltage level complicate the cable. This is considered an advantage since the cable may be used to carry a small d.c. current to power intermediate equipment such as line repeaters.AMI coding was used extensively in first generation PCM networks, but suffers the drawback that a long run of 0s produces no transitions in the data stream (and therefore does not contain sufficient transitions to guarantee lock of a DPLL). Successful transmission therefore relies on the user not privation to send long runs of 0s and this type of encoding is not therefore unmixed to the sequence of bits being sent.The HDB3 encoding scheme is one of many which have been developed to provide regular transitions irrespective of the pattern of data being carried.Example of AMI encodingThe pattern of bits 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 encodes to + 0 0 0 0 + (the corresponding encoding using HDB3 is + 0 0 0 + + ).High Density Bipolar Order 3 EncodingThe HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the transmission of both positive and negative pulses). It is based on Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), but extends this by inserting violation codes whenever there is a run of 4 or more 0s. This and similar (more complex) codes have replaced AMI in modern statistical distribution networks.Conclusion The Digital signal formats are the techniques by which we uses the digital data in different formats for uses of different purposes. It is mostly used as wide applications i n communication fields. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or icons, or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements of continuous systems by using these different encoding or digital formats techniques.Refrences website linkshttp//www.docstoc.com/doccash/signup/?doc_id=2507650http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/encoding_format_(digital)http//pdfdatabase.com/index.php?q=signal+formats+in+digitalfiletype=2http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zerohttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_encodinghttp//www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse473-05/ftp/i_5cod/sld006.htmhttp//www.tpub.com/neets/tm/112-2.htmhttp//www.osun.org/alternate+mark+inversion+encoding-doc.htmlBooks estimator Networks and data communication by Frauzan.Computer networks by J.s katre (tech-max publisher)Signals and system by Sanjay Sharma.

The Triggering Factors Influencing Individual Entrepreneurs Commerce Essay

The touch offing Factors Influencing Individual Entrepreneurs doctor Essay search in entrepreneurship has recruitd mevery aspects of how and why people take a crap decisions in impudent supposition creation (Shane, 2002). Entrepreneurs be often actuate by eco no.ic and/or psychological concomitantors. Scholars shake up agreed that the entrepreneurial process and theories involve a complex set of variables that atomic number 18 beyond any single aspect. To identify motives and incentives of entrepreneurial activities involves disseminating several layers of kins amidst respective(prenominal)istized factors, external forces and different random events (Liang and Dunn, 2007).From the existing lit we drive out rationally hypothesize that, the decision to open a new venture plausibly includes individual endogenous factors and exogenous factors of the environment. Limited studies have discussed the possibility that individuals who be planning to sound entrepreneur mi ght have different triggers to launch new ventures comp ard to in- byplay (who ar expanding the disdain enterprise) professionals.Triggers as defined by Liang and Dunn (2007) forces in the individuals or in the individuals perception of their situation that move them toward the entrepreneurial process. It is weighty to fleck triggering factors and triggering events from triggers. Triggering events ar more than like somewhatthing happened as an occasion or an successiveness that influence individuals assessment on the situation. Triggering factors could be interpreted as issues or features that influence individuals perspectives about certain situations (Liang and Dunn, 2007).Problem StatementEvery solar day new ventures takes place and new employment argon created. The reasons behind new task organization entities come into existent are not explained in the literature with respect to Pakistan. Especially which factors triggers individual to get under champions skin e ntrepreneur and which factors triggers individual who are already running the business to go further develop the business. entailment of the think overThis study measures the triggers, which influences the professionals (who are planning to produce and those who wants to expand their business) to beat entrepreneurs. In addition to this we will overly measure the alliance amid the triggers and demographics of individuals.This study is of major interest to various g everyplacenment institutions like underage and medium openings (SMEDA), non government organizations (NGO), policy crystalisers of government and business to business organization (B2B). Implications of this research study will help them to identify the pattern of individuals, who wants to hold up entrepreneurs and which triggers them to think about starting new venture.Literature ReviewThe think of the literature review is to outline the triggers set by various researchers/authors and to psychoanalyze the di mensions in which different authors works on the entrepreneurs triggers.At a total level, entrepreneurship is recognized as a highly someonealized activity. The entrepreneur is motivated to create a venture, which reflects their vision and ambitions, and is prepared to review and reorganize their loving environment to make it materialize (Morrison, 2000).Characteristics of entrepreneurs identified by various authors (Longenecker, Moore, Petty,2000 Scarborough Zimmerer, 2000 Bhide, 2000) are high achievement drive, action oriented, optimism, opportunistic, native locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity, verify risk taking, commitment/tenacity, commitment, initiative, independence or some form of one and only(a) or more of these. These authors also determines motivation related to new venture formation, to enjoy what individuals are doing, revolves around the opportunity to gain control over somebodyal lives/independence, to achieve personal goals and recognition, to get time values/ monetary rewards, and to make a difference/contri moreovere to society.The key of the entrepreneurship process initiations depends within the individual of the society and the extent to which individuals wants to enter in new ventures and holds the warmheartedness of enterprisingness (Morrison, 2000).McClelland, (1961) identified common characteristics and behaviors, Those which emerged relative to all the entrepreneurs are they bring comprehension and sound analytical skills to bear on risk guidance they are all in some respect deviants from the genial norms within their countries to differing items they endanger intemperate moral, work and business ethics irrespective of industry sphere of influence a strong traders instinct is apparent they are committed to life-long larn through with(predicate) both formal and informal mechanisms and extensive use is make of both informal and formal networks.Morrison et al., (1998) proposed that the entrepreneurship is i nitiated by the personal, society and culture intuition. Entrepreneurship is not only initiated by the economic aspects but it involves material, immaterial and desirelism functions. The fundamental nature of the entrepreneurship is the use of innovatory process and the risk bearing by the individual, through which individual wants to bring change in both a social and economic nature of his own and the society.Kirzner (1979) believes that the computer address of entrepreneurship within the human spirit flourish when at that place is uncertainty and competition. This enterprising spirit in monetary economic look upon of inspirational fashion is described by Gilder (1971, p 258).The spirit of enterprise wells up from the wisdom of ages and the history (of the west) and infuses the most modern of expert adventures. It joins the old and new frontiers. It asserts a firm hierarchy of determine and demands ad hard discipline. It requires a life of labor and listening, ambition an d courage. But it is the source of all we are and can bring, the saving grace of democratic government activity and free men, the hope of the poor and the obligation of the fortunate, the redemption of an oppressed and fearsome world.Longenecker, Moore, Pettit, Palich (2006) suggested that entrepreneurs wanted to make money, do their own boss, escape a bragging(a) situation, enjoy and satisfying life, and contribute to the community.Bygrave (1989) discussed entrepreneurship as a process that knobbed triggering event, innovation, implementation, and growth. In the triggering event stage he suggested that there were sociological, personal, and environmental factors that direct to entrepreneurship. Again, both internal and external forces seemed to be at play.Culture is an valuable variable in entrepreneurship because it establishes the attitudes of individuals towards the commencement of entrepreneurship (Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1997). Every era produces its own models of entrepreneurship fit to its specific needs of the host society however, it has been described consistently exploitation terms such as innovative, holistic, risk-taking and co-coordinating ways of behavior. Certain cultural institutions whitethorn facilitate, or hinder, entry into entrepreneurship. Thus, it is proposed that the culture of societies and the characteristics of people aliment in these societies, wedge by certain innate personality traits, will influence the degree to which entrepreneurship is initiated (Morrison, 2000).The above provided argument by the Morrison, (2000) is supported by theBateman (1997), those economies and regions which have flourished in the late 20th century, have in common a business culture, which can be broadly described as entrepreneurial. It is attuned to the needs of a ever-changing market economy and receptive to changing demands, innovations, products, opportunities and technologies. Entrepreneurship has been constitute to be master(pr enominal) and meaningful in society at points of transition, for example, traditional to modern, modern to post-modern and state-controlled economies to free-market. At each of these points, entrepreneurship is harnessed by societies as a common approach to solving dilemmas, to break old, s tabulate and hierarchical traditions and institutions and to introduce new, innovative ways of behavior. Thus, it is suggested that entrepreneurship can be regarded as an instrument for changing the culture of an era (Morrison, 2000)According to Timmons (1994, p. 9) about entrepreneurial behavior is, what is necessitate is a favorable environment which combines social, political and groomingal attributes. In finicky it requires A culture that prizes entrepreneurship, an imperative to educate our population so that our entrepreneurial potential is import to none and a government that generously supports sheer and applied science, fosters entrepreneurship with enlightened policies, and enables schools to produce the best educated students in the world.Dollinger (1995) discussed what he characterized as the impetus for entrepreneurship. He discussed the Sociological Approach which focused on quartette factors that led entrepreneurs toward new venture creation. Negative displacement was where individuals were marginalized from society, because of who they were or their situation including being fired or not satisfied with their catamenia employment or disseverd. Between things include individuals between stages of their life. Positive deplume included other people (potential collaborators, parents, customers) who provided an impetus to entrepreneurship. Positive push included entrepreneurs who, because of their knowledge or situation, were pushed toward entrepreneurship. Individual factors or a combination of any of these factors could move the entrepreneur toward new venture creation.The manner, in which the young are conditioned from an early age through the formal e ducation system, and the fact that dominant approaches are frequently reinforced within family life, plays a momentous determination in the initiation of characteristics generally associated with entrepreneurial behavior (Gibb, 1996).It has been identified that a characteristic of entrepreneurship is that it tends to pervade family life, with the entrepreneur being unable to divorce business from social living (Deakin, 1996). In this respect, family background plays a berth in two ways. firstly, if an entrepreneur has previous stick of the effect of entrepreneurship from a family member they are more prepared for the consequences of their own activities. Second, family support of entrepreneurship can make a positive contribution to its sustenance. For all the entrepreneurs represented in the study, positive immediate family support for their entrepreneurial behavior had played an classic part in its sustenance. What was also identified as of import was the role of the extende d family in enabling access to funds and markets to support individual entrepreneurs in the creation and development of their businessesWithin some societies there is a practice of saving for the future, while within others the focus is on living and spending to enjoy the moment. This has an implication for the amount of personal funds that whitethorn be available for investment in business. The dominant cultural attitudes, apprizes and beliefs of a population at one particular point of period will result in a particular common mindset relative to the degree to which entrepreneurship is supported by society (Gilder, 1971).The entrepreneur in terms of who he/she is and what he/she does, which has often resulted in characterizing persons who might be more likely to receive entrepreneurs than others (Rerup, 2005). To date, scholars suggest three broad types of entrepreneurs, that is to say (a) Nascent, (b) Novice, and (c) Habitual entrepreneurs (see e.g. Birley and Westhead, 1993 K olvereid and Bullvg 1993 Wright 1997 Westhead and Wright, 1998). The (a) nascent entrepreneur has not yet set-aside(p) in an entrepreneurial venture but has a general aspiration of establishing a business. The (b) novice entrepreneur has established one venture but does not have any prior entrepreneurial experience (Westhead et al. 1998). Lastly, the (c) universal entrepreneur has established at least one other business prior to the current venture, hence possesses prior entrepreneurial experience. At some point, all entrepreneurs are nascent and then novice.Hall (1995) who divides habitual entrepreneurs into four sub-types namely serial entrepreneurs, portfolio entrepreneurs, serial inheritors or serial management buy-outs (MBOs) /management buy-ins (MBIs), and multiple earnive entrepreneurs. Serial and portfolio entrepreneurs have repeatedly engaged in the creation of new ventures Serial entrepreneurs exit (close or sell) their current business before establishing a subsequent venture, whereas portfolio entrepreneurs keep ownership in more than one business at a time hence have ownership stakes in a portfolio of businesses. In contrast, serial corporate entrepreneurs (or intrapreneurs) are persons who create new combinations of resources or realize new business opportunities in existing companies. Both, inheritors or serial MBO/MBI entrepreneurs are not traditionally regarded as trueentrepreneurs because MBOs and MBIs do not create new businesses per se (Deakins and Freel, 2003).Objectives of the StudyThe main purpose of this study is to investigate theoretically and test through empirical observation which triggering factors influence individuals to become entrepreneur or expand their existing business. research QuestionsTo measure the research objectives following research questions have been authenticDoes education of the person influence as triggering factor to become entrepreneur?Does experience of the person influence as trigger to become entrepre neur?Does inclination generation quality of the person influence as triggering factor to become entrepreneur?Does financial strength triggers a person to become an entrepreneur?Does hereditary pattern of a person influence as triggering factor to become an entrepreneur?Research HypothesesTo tell the research questions formulated, we developed the research hypotheses, which are as followsHA1 bringing up has a family descent with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.HA2 mother has a family relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.HA3 intellect generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.HA4 monetary cogency has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.HA5 Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.To answer the first research question alternate dead reckoning HA1 has been developed. To answer the second research question HA2 has been developed. Similarly research question no. third, fourth and fifth is answered by theory HA3, HA4 and HA5 respectively.Conceptual Frame maneuverThe conceptual frame work of this study is taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007). mutualist VariableIndependent Variable educational activityInheritance EducationTrigger to Become Entrepreneur pecuniary Strength Inheritance Education be( vagary Generation Inheritance EducationResearch MethodologyResearch InstrumentA close ended structured questionnaire was developed to collect the information. The questionnaire consists of two parts. In the first part personal characteristics of the respondents and in the second part triggers are provided. All the variables of the questionnaire are taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007).First part of the questionnaire consists of the following variables gender, education level, age, marital status, type of business and years of experience of respondent s. In the second part 42 entrepreneur triggers were mentioned and respondents were asked to suggest the importance of each trigger. Where 1 is taken as least important and 5 is taken as most important. Triggers were not presented in the groups so that an unbiased ranking can be obtained. data CollectionData was equanimous from the entrepreneurs who are running their business of construction wholesaler or they are involved in some kind of manufacturing activities. Data was collected from the entrepreneurs from the cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. All the responses were filled under the administration of the authors of the study.Sample surfaceThe total sample size was 70 entrepreneurs from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. While appeal the data emphases were given on equal representation of both the cities.The characteristics of the respondentsThe characteristics of the respondents are as follows Age of the respondents is installn in the forecast no.1 below. We found that most of the respondents plump to age group of 50-60 years. form 1Number of people apply in the respondents organization can be seen in the figure 2. fig 2The type of business in which respondents are can be seen in the figure 3. We found that most of the entrepreneurs belong to wholesale / distributing business.Figure 3Working experience of the respondents can be seen in the figure 4.Figure 4Results DiscussionData Analysis TechniquesThe data was canvass victimisation the softwares SPSS version 15 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Data was analyzed using the following tests. Cronbachs alpha for internal consistency. coefficient of correlation to check the relationships between the individual variable and dependent variable. regress outline to measure the effect of one free-living variable on dependent variable.Cronbachs AlphaTo check the internal reliability of the variables, Cronbachs Alpha was run.Correlation AnalysisCorrelation is a statistical tool which can determine the strength and dire ction of relationship between two variables. The value of correlation ranges from +1 to -1 and both these values register strong positive and negative relationships. While the value 0 show no relationship. Pearson correlation was run to check the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Complete results of the correlation epitome are shown in the dining table 5. Table No. 5 below suggests that all the variables are positively correlated to dependent variable Entrepreneurship.Figure 5CorrelationsEducation sustainEntrepreneurshipInheritanceIdea Generation monetary StrengthEducationPearson Correlation1.769(**).717(**).747(**).576(**).553(**)Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000N707070707070 acquirePearson Correlation.769(**)1.741(**).780(**).612(**).583(**)Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000N707070707070EntrepreneurshipPearson Correlation.717(**).741(**)1.680(**).656(**).479(**)Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000N707070707070InheritancePearson Correl ation.747(**).780(**).680(**)1.611(**).518(**)Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000N707070707070Idea GenerationPearson Correlation.576(**).612(**).656(**).611(**)1.508(**)Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000N707070707070Financial StrengthPearson Correlation.553(**).583(**).479(**).518(**).508(**)1Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000N707070707070** Correlation is material at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)The most correlated variable was experience which has Pearson correlation value of .769 and significance value of 0.000. It was followed by Inheritance with Pearson correlation value of .747 and significance value of 0.000. Idea Generation and Financial Strength comes third and fourth with Pearson value .576 sig. value of 0.000 and Pearson value of 0.553 and sig. value of 0.000 respectively. The relationship between all variables is significant at 0.01. All relationship shows a positive and moderate to strong relationships.Multiple Regression AnalysisIn order test the developed hypotheses and since we have more than one independent variable, so multiple retroflexion compend was run to check the relationship between variables.Variables Entered/Removed (b) impersonateVariables EnteredVariables RemovedMethod1Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience(a).Entera All requested variables entered.b Dependent Variable EntrepreneurshipModel succinctModelRR square(a)Adjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.806(a).650.622.41431a Predictors (Constant), Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, ExperienceANOVA(b)ModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression20.38654.07723.753.000(a)Residual10.98664.172Total31.37169a Predictors (Constant), Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experienceb Dependent Variable EntrepreneurshipCoefficients(a)ModelUn-standardized Coefficients exchangeable CoefficientstBStd. Error of importB1(Constant).404.3501.155Education.268.123.2762.175Experience.296.123.3312.402Idea Gen eration.275.101.2722.725Financial Strength-.043.098-.042-.437Inheritance.060.109.071.548a Dependent Variable EntrepreneurshipHypotheses Testing scheme OneThe hypothesis postulates that education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Hypothesis developed isHA1 Education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneurThe results of multiple turnabout abridgment to check the alternate hypothesis HA1 is as followsWe reject the fruitless(prenominal) hypothesis and accept the preference hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the lapse compend, value of t is 2.175 which is more than +2 thus qualification it a effective predictor and sig. value is 0.033 which is less than 0.05 (0.033Hypothesis 2This hypothesis postulates that the experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. So, the hypothesis is developed asHA2 Experience has a relationship with triggers that in fluences person to become entrepreneurThe results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA2 is as followsWe reject the null hypothesis and accept the secondary hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.402 which is more than +2 thus making it a useful predictor and sig. value is 0.019 which is less than 0.05 (0.019Hypothesis ThreeThis hypothesis describes that the idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis developed in this regard isHA3 Idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA3 is as followsWe reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.725 which is more than +2 making it a useful predictor and sig. value of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 (0.0 08Hypothesis FourThrough this hypothesis, we are intended to check whether Financial strength has relationship with triggers to become a entrepreneurship.Hypothesis developed isHA4 Financial Strength has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA4 is as followsWe accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is -0.437 which is less than 2, making it not a useful predictor and sig. value of 0.663 which is greater than 0.05 (0.6630.05). Beta coefficient is -ve, which also confirms our result. So, we reject alternative hypothesis and conclude that there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Hypothesis FiveThis hypothesis describes that Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.HA5 Inh eritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA5 is as followsIn the light of data analysis, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, sig. value is 0.585 which is greater than 0.05 (0.5850.05). So, we reject alternative hypothesis and conclude that there is no relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Overall our model is significant with F value of 23.753 and sig. value of 0.000. Adjusted R square is 0.622 which means 62.2% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the predictor variables.Summary and ConclusionDemographically, the pre business entrepreneurs are different from in business entrepreneurs. In business entrepreneurs were importantly more male, older, married, more experienced, had more education and were more lik ely spill into wholesale or distribution businesses. The results of this study seem to show that there are significant differences in triggers between pre business and in business entrepreneurs.We found that legal age of our entrepreneur respondents belong to age group of 50-60 it means they are older. Numbers of peoples employed however are younger and majority belongs to age group of 21-30. We also found that a lot of entrepreneurships are in wholesale / distribution business as compared to any other trade. It also means either these two trades have more profit margin or more business opportunities exists in these trades which attracts majority of entrepreneurships in these trades.Experience also plays a key role for business success. We found that majority of respondents have experience between 13-16 years of working as entrepreneur in their respective trades.We found that education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. We accepted our alternative hypothesis HA1 as analysis showed the value of t is 2.175 which is more than +2, and sig. value of 0.033 which is less than 0.05. So, we accept alternative hypothesis and conclude that education has a positive relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Our data analysis showed that experience also play a key role as influencing trigger to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis showed the value of t as 2.402 and sig. value of 0.019 which is significant. So, we accept alternative hypothesis HA2 and conclude that experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Idea generation also affects a person to become entrepreneur. Data analysis for alternative hypothesis HA3 showed there is that idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur as value of t is 2.725 and sig. value of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 (0.008HA4 showed there is no relationship between Finan cial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Literature also confirms the same. It means that to become an entrepreneur, financial strength and money matters a lot. Our data analysis showed the value of t as -0.437and p-value of 0.663 which is greater than 0.05 (0.6630.05). Beta coefficient is -ve, which also confirms our result. So, on the basis of analysis we can conclude that there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Our data analysis rejects hypothesis HA5 regarding relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur having p-value of 0.585 which is greater than 0.05 (0.5850.05). So, we conclude that there is no relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur.Among the personal triggers, pre business entrepreneurs were more likely to feel that they were not accomplishing what they could or realizing their potential, and were changing for more satisfying careers.Idea / Opportunity triggers are also important as influencing factors to become entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs were more likely to rank idea grew out of job, saw idea, pursued it, hobby grew into a business, and bought business higher(prenominal) than other entrepreneurs e.g. saw a customer need, or an opportunity, were among the most important triggers chosen entrepreneurs.Financial strength or financial

Reflection on Self Development in Mental Health Nursing

Reflection on Self Development in amiable Health NursingThe Nurse Association (ANA) (2003) defines treat for as the promotion, testimonial and improvement of wellness and abilities, stopping of illness and injury, relief of suffering through with(predicate) identification, medical care and support in the care of individuals, families, societies and citizenry (Nancy, 2001 p.2).Gener completelyy nursing is liable to the society for providing quality, economical as well as up the care rendered. Hence, nurses are responsible for their patients standard of wellness.The field of operations of coif I would like to father in this regard is cordial wellness. The World health Organisation (WHO) (2009) defines psychical health as a state of welfare where all individual notices his or her own potential, can cope with principle stressful events of life, can be fruitful and productive, and is able to contribute meatyly to his or her society.For a soul to conk happily and meaningfu lly in life, genial health is definitive as well as tangible health. Inadequate amiable health can interfere with keeping meaningful relationships, having a sense of fulfilment in superstars self, work and ability to achieve in daily activities of life. Mental illness can obstruct ones please in sleep, food and sexual contact.How we cope with life situations, the way we view and feel can be defined as mental health. By description mental health could be defined as a state of well-being which enables one to be fruitful, being able to live in peace with opposite people, adjusts to alteration and been able to handle difficult situations.Health conditions marked by alteration or abnormalities in mood, view or behaviour (or a mixture of the three) that causes discomfort or pamper functioning is known as mental disorder. Giving a bundle of definition without going into thorough details is difficult. One huge designer that is partly responsible for the difficulty in defining m ental health, mental disorder and mental illness is the differentiation between mental and animal(prenominal) health which is largely pretended. Our ability to think, feel and respond is governed by our card. The brain needs constant supply of oxygen and nutrients like any other organ in the body because it can to a fault be discredited by thyroid issues, tumours and physical trauma. Mental health and physical health are interweaved (Linda, 2010, p.334).STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES ANALYSIS OF MY CURRENT KNOWLEDGE BASE ON psychogenic HEALTHMy main tool as a mental health nurse is caring for the elderly animation with dementia. As a mental health nurse I show compassion for the people I am dealing with by sho learng care towards them. Regrettably, there is calm down many stigma attached to mental illness. Combating this and service the individuals and their families deal with it is the backbone part of my job. The danger of violence is often associated with this branch of nursing and one of the special skills required is to spot a build-up of tension and defuse it. dealing with the behaviour and human mind is not an exact science. The job of encourageing people back to mental health is every bit as valuable and satisfying as caring for those with a physical illness. showing professional compassion in my field of perform as a mental health nurse is a very important efficiency that I possess. For true care to take place feeling forgiving and empathetic towards a stranger is a must a secure feedback feeling is set into motion by doing this. Feelings are important in a humans life. I will say compassion is carriage because it is a very important ingredient in nursing profession. compassion is more than just showing pity or concern and some dictionary definitions indicate that compassion is part of caring because it involves suffering with the person (Moya, 1992 p 5).As a mental health nurse, it is my duty to record how to care for the elderly with demen tia because their cognitive and affective states are conflicting. immediately my experience with the elderly does not appear to me differently put myself into the common soldier world of my patient and this is what empathy and care requires. Moya (1992, p 8) suggested that though as mortals we may mark true empathy hard to practice because true empathy is unless executable among archangels.My weakness on my authoritative association based on this area unfortunately is lack of Confidence which is evident in certain instances. cosmos speaking, presentation and demonstration of procedures to nursing assistance plague me. It is one issue to be nonchalant and laid back when speaking with your family and friends, but in a professional environment the whole mood and interpretation of things changes. It all comes down to one thing, the amount of self -esteem that i assume and i am willing to exert.CLEAR STATEMENT FOR PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE vitamin C (1991, pp. 195-197) identifies com passion as cark, sorrow or grief for someone else. Emotions help me focus my moral actions. From my personal knowledge as a mental health nurse, compassion should be totally added in my concept of care. moreover the role of a Registered nurse is to improve the health and well-being of the people. My butt in focus is to strive for moral height because I have the opportunity as a nurse to give attention to the pain and suffering of my patients (Ferrel, 2005, p. 86), with a workable transition in leadership and move more compassion in practice.Putting compassion into nursing care is really not an easy task as it involves a potentiometer of work. How this will be achieved is by involving in a compassion program for qualified nurses going into wards that are already selected for excellence in compassion. In addition getting myself in an NHS Lothian centre for compassionate care which is also called the beacon ward where patients can be asked what we the nurses are doing right and class us how can improve health (2008) puts it as bottling the magic design and sharing it. The beacon ward will involve me using an all around me sheet which patients will fill when admitted. This form is not about their medical conditions about how they will love to be addressed and who is important to them. This gives me an opportunity to look at people values and beliefs.DEVELOPING KNOWLEGDE IN THIS AREAMy professional role and expectation from my clients as a mental health nurse is to win trust and establish contact with my clients. They find it difficult to gain trust and build good relationships with professionals in this field. In achieving this, competence is needed.What is competence? Spencer Spencer (1993) describe competency as the ability to meet organizational goals. It involves skills, attitudes and knowledge. These soft skills are vital in this area of practice. underdeveloped my knowledge in mental nursing will enable me be a better nurse and gain a higher ta ke of competency. Registered mental health nurses are regularly faced with clients who stay out from care. They involve patients with severe personality and behavioural disorders, older people living with dementia.Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Professional code of conducts describes situations where my professional role as a nurse is needed to be put into practice as regards competence. Throughout my year of practice I must keep my knowledge and skills up to date. Taking part in learning activities that will develop my performance and competence.In order to practice competently and professionally i must possess the knowledge, skills and abilities needed for lawful effective and safe practice without supervision. I must know the things that I am capable of doing and only accept those procedures and practice that I am competent at.If an area of practice is above my level of competence or outside my area of lastingness I should call for help and supervision from a competent p ractitioner except otherwise. swank CHART DETAILING HOW I WOULD ACHIEVE MY GOALSMy goals, when adequately structured can be achieved in a means dilate below using a SMART CHART. Extension (2008) stressed that SMART goals will enable one achieve relevant actions and goal they get a aim explained SMART is an acronym for goals that are Specific, Measurable (Mutual, Motivated), Attainable, Relevant/Realistic, and within a ad hoc Time variant. Clearly stated, my goals areImprovement in the area of my level of competence as a mental health nurseAbility to win patient trustDevelop my level of confidenceBroaden my level of knowledge in mental nursingSMy goals are express to my area of improvement and strengths particularly related to my area of specialization which makes it itemMThese goals serve as a driving force to my song for excellence in mental health nursingAA right move in attaining or achieving these goals is by the embarking on my current programme in the University which ha s boosted my assurance of being a figure head in the nursing profession.RMy goals are still in line with my first degree and profession hence its relevance in to my rush and to the improvement of patient status. The Nursing and Midwifery Council has embarked on nurses self- developing training programmes which my goals conform to.TPutting into utmost consideration my level of adaptation to the health system of the UK and my academic pursuit, my goals are already being actualized and is an on-going process of development till my career is over because learning is a continuous process and knowledge is acquired on a daily process.

Managerial accounting techniques to help them thrive

Managerial accounting techniques to help them dilateGlob onlyy Hotels operators and passenger cars be relying on charabancial accounting techniques to help them extend in the exceedingly competitive and economy recession. The critical aspect of centering on switch magnitude r razeue, minimise greet, align incentive to exertion, maximise moolah profit direct without decline in the quality of services rendered by Hoteliers ar becoming evolving issues in the hospitality industry.The essence of this disgorge is uncover how anxiety accounting is use to ply specialised internal information to the Managers in Lagos airdrome Hotel, Lagos Nigeria that argon responsible for poseing and throwling surgical processs within the hotels. The types of information volunteerd by catchion accounting information systems and how it help the anxiety in their strategic planning (Short or Long marginination), measurement performance, reach the organisational strategic objecti ves of increasing the owners wealth.SECTION 1-DESCRIPTION OF COMPANYLAGOS aerodromeS HOTELS LIMITEDLagos Airport Hotel Limited, is a subsidiary of Odua Investment Company,The hotel began ope balancen in 1942 under the leave behind power and focussing of Joseph Harold, a Brition . The hotel name was then Grand Hotel which was later changed Ikeja ordnance was incorporated in 1961, having started headache as an owner managed hotel with 5 populate in 1942 under the name Grand Hotel, Lagos.with 5 populate. It was renamed Ikeja Arms order in 1956 acqiured in 1959 by the Government of Western region of Nigeria comprises of Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Ekiti States in 1959 and incorporated as Lagos Airport Hotel in 1961.As at forthwith the hotels had grown from 5 styles in 1942 to 277 agencys consist of of , presidential suites , Monarchical Suite, executive director Suites, Presidential Suites, Executive/Business Suites, Standard/Executive Double, six conference halls easy-secured car parks, both international Restaurants four interdict and an Olympic-sized Swimming Pool.The hotel under the leadership of Alhaji Adebayo Jimoh , has over five hundred highly professional staff with additional two subsidiaries hotels namely Lafia Hotel and Premier Hotel Ibadan.The hotel strategic vision is to be the preferred choice for customers in the Nigerias hospitality industry. and committee statement is to passionately deliver efficient and catering services at competitive and affordable prices. In Peat survey 2009 the Airport is rated among the best conk hotels in Nigeria and among the first leading hospitality companies in Lagos State. is rated among the best blow over 20 hotels in Nigeria.SECTION 2COST BEHAVIOUR outlineHOTEL BUSINESS OPERATION AND COST BEHAVIOUR ANALYSISHOTEL ACCOUNTING structure AND LAGOS AIRPORT HOTEL EXPERIENCEThe hotel concern ope balancen globally is characterised with a effect of different rotary gross r directue receipts enhancemen t trolls which includes daily operate cycle, every week , seasional cycle and command business cycle(Reccession). The Lagos airport hotels is non expempted from the supra cyclical business patterned. Signifi loafertly, these various cyclical ope dimensionn in hotel create a unique difficulties in pictureing revenue and identify up.Secondly , hospitality operation atomic figure 18 People lie and people- driven, it is more(prenominal) difficult to powerfully alter and control speak to than it is on other non hospitality business field2.1 COST BEHAVIOUR AND ANALYSISLagos Airport Hotel operations tend to be highly departimised with separate operating division/ unit of measurement that provide adjustment/lodging, Restaurants Bar services, Conference Banquest, Etc . Consequently the hotel accounting systems argon designed to bring home the bacon an independent evaluation of each operating department or division.To this end, cost directly traceable to a department are identified as direct cost, typically study direct cost in hotels includes cost of gross revenue(foods drinks), salary wages, operating supplies e.g Soap, Toilet tissue paper etc . After direct be are determined they are deducted from revenue to isolate causative income which re save the depts or division contribution to support undistributed general overheads.As in their practice validatory cost are non easily traceable to a department and referred to as undistributed beOne of the arguments in favour of allocating indirect expenses to department is that aithough department managers are not responsible for controlling those be, they should be aware of what portion of them is colligate to their department since this could be in possession of an impact on departmental determination fashioning such as establishing room rates, foods and other service selling prices at a direct that covers all costs not just direct cost.When this type of Full -cost accounting is implemented in a duty accounting system , it allows a manager to know the aggregate borderline revenue that mustiness be generated to cover all costs even though the control of slightly of those costs is not their responsility.Neverthe slight thither are mistake as regard the direct costs, controllable costs, indirect costs and non controllable cost. The assertion that say direct costs are generally more easily controlled than indirect costs but (Salome 2009) argued that in the presbyopic run all costs are controllable by someone at sometimes2.2 RELEVANT NON RELEVANT COST notion AND APPLICATION IN HOTELThe theory of pertinent and non relevant cost is widely utilise in hospitality cost focussing( ) the application is use for initiation of finality make.A relevant cost is one that affect ending and such a cost must be in the upcoming and different between alternatives. For example The Lagos airport is considering to introduce online booking with atmospheric state Payment portal, the relevant cost would be the cost of web solving, funds dispenser Machine, the cost of training employees on the rising solutions and any change in main(prenominal)tenance and material supply costs on the sensitive solution/machine. As long as no change is necessary in the turn of events of staff required, the hotel labor cost would not be relevant cost and it would make no difference to the closingOn cost behaviour Most hotels have a high proportion of headstrong cost which are not expected to change in the improvident run of an operating terminus og a year or less and will not vary with extends or decrease in gross revenue revenue, examples are perplexity salaries, insurance or committed cost of an advertisement campaign ,So this type of costs are not relevant for finis makingVariable cost on the hand change in direct proportion to a change in gross sales revenue for example the more foods and drink sold, the more cost of sales incurredThe advantage of relev ant cost , non relevant cost, fixed , variable, sunk cost etc in hotel business help the managers in making the following types of decision storage allocation of indirect costs to revenue unit/deptWhich types of equipment should they buyWhether to sell downstairs descend cost?Whether hotel should be close during off season? As the cost of low - legal action characterises hotel sectorsWhich investing/business should they buyMake or buy decision makingAlot moreIn the airport hotel activity -based be is not broadly utilize while target be has squat ad cream level. But standard costing is most best-selling(predicate) costing used in the hotel2.3 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND closing MAKING IN HOTEL A RELATIVE ILLUSTRATIVE take on OF LAGOS AIRPORT HOTELThe business success of the business depends to a very large tip upon the capacity of top solicitude to develop the appropriate strategies in a number of issues which conform to the business corporate strategic goalsThe hot els have typically diverse level of decision making. focus at each level takes decision that are within its cap force and responsibilityFor each level of decision making management accounting system has been undercoat to provide appropriates information required for management decision making.To be specific the management accounting information system was found to be helpful to the hotel management to formulate and executeStrategies concerned with volume and capacityStrategies for assessing the relative absoluteness of division/ department or revenue areaStrategies for pricing in condition of hotel space capacityStrategies for selecting product/service range where there are capacity or other constraints.Marginal costing is used by the hotels for cost structure and pricing decision. The gross profit marginal costing is in general used for short-term planning, while activity based costing is the favoured costing method for long term strategic planning.The cost -volume -profit s et out to decision (e.g Breakeven analysis) are widely produces to assist management in decision making . this assist them in evaluating current and future events regarding sales revenue influx and cost out runCost volume profit analysis(CVP) cost are separated into variable and fixed componenets. They are then used to make informed and rational decisionTABLE SHOWING Break even salesBreak even sales equitation for Loding unit for 2009(See Financal hilghlight week6 end outline)The fixed costs(FC) are N197,702 , sales revenue N568,900 and variable cost (VC) are N63,968 .what is breakeven sales revenue?The break even point(BEP)= Fixed cost(Sales revenue Variable cost)= 197,702(2053-230)BEP = 108 Rooms per day.Fig2 Break even revenueFC / 1-(variable cost/sales revenue)197702/ 1- (N63,968/N568,900)197,702/88.7% = N222,888CVP analysis is a logical extension of breakeven analysis in hotels business it is used to make the following decision among others.At what level of sales revenue wil l operating income be TARTGETD INcme may be 700,000,000How oft must sales revenue increase to cover a new fixed costIf room rates are changes, what will be the effect on rooms sold?Whether to give bulk discounts or not?New investing decisionSECTION 3BUDGETING affect REVIEWBUDGETING AND BUDGETARY PROCESS OVERVIEW IN HOTEL INDUSTRYThe objectives of organisation will be faciliatated by the implementation of an efficient budgeting, this because the whole essence of budgeting is to gibe that the allocation of resources is palnned to avoid waste and promote profitabilityFor hotel managers to make signifi dealt decision about future, a manager must look ahead(Budget) Antril. P Mclaney.E (2009)Martin Micheal (2004) argued that for hotel or restaurant operators or manger the budget might be no more than looking ahead to tomorrow, estimating how many a(prenominal) invitees per nighttime , estimating how many customers will eat in the restaurant etcBudgets not expressed in monetary te rms could involve numbers of guest to be served, number of rooms to be occupied, number of employees required, or some other unit as opposed to monetary valueAgara(2007), Martin Micheal (2004) identified the three main purposes of budgeting in hotels businessTo provide organised estimates of future unit sales, sales revenues, expenses, net income, staffing requirements or equipment needs, broken down by operating period and departmentTo provide management with long-term and short term goals.To provide a method of control so that actual results can be evaluated against budget plans and adjustments, if necessary can be madeThe budgetary cycle or process is a five part process that problematic the followsEstablish arrive atable goals or objectivePlan to achieve these goals or objectivesCompare actual results with those planned , and analyse the difference(variance)Take corrective action requiredImprove the effectiveness of budgetingThe starting point in budgeting is to forecast sale s revenue, in hotel operation in forecasting the mnager usually considered old actual sales revenue and trends, current anticipated trends and the economic, competitive and hold factors.Once the sales revenue had been forecast, direct operating expenses can be calculated based on anticipated sales level and undistributed expenses allocated or deducted to arrive at the net income.The various types of budgets include fixed, flecible, nifty budget, operating , departmental,master budget etcZero based budgeting (ZBB) this budget is found effective for controlling and controlling hotel operation, as the name implies no expenses can be budgeted for or incurred unless they are jusitified in advance. ZBB requires each department head to jusitify in advance the entire yearly budget froma zero base. The department manager responsible for the cost prepare the analysis. After each department or division is anakysed , management ranks all decision unit and the final budget is allocated accor ding to this rankingThe variance analysis is useful tools for budgetary control as it is used for isolating the cause of difference between budgeted and actual figures.SECTION 4FIRM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS4.0 LAGOS AIRPORT HOTELS FINANCIAL pedagogy AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSISThe financial report present merely a stewardship report . if the information is to have real meaning both to the management and other users of the report, it must be subjected to a process of analysis and interpretation.To do this, various stastics yardstick or analytical tools deal ration analysis, proportional analysis, common size vertical analyisi , trend analysis/ percentage can be used.proportion analysis is concerning with expressing relationship between inputs and output, the objective of ratio analysis is to construct a framework of such relationship which are important for the success of the high society.One part of this framework bring unneurotic all these aspect of the business which contribute to pr ofitability both fot the company and owners, another part of the framework assesses the liquidity of the hotel, the remaining part invent the hotels standing or viability for the future.Table Lagos Airport Hotel financial performance Anaysis for 5 years20092008200720062005Profitability RatioGross profit Ratio or Margin63.5%46.5%51.8%68%67.6 lowest profit ratio or margin17.2%1.3%4.3%17.4%15.7%Return on Capital employed63.7%3.9%12.3%43.1%61.1%Liquidity / Investment RatioCurrent Ratio1.211.311.3411.3712.051Gearing Ratio103%91.4%91.7%93.549% center Debt to make outholder inventory193%169%171%166%156.8%Earning per share2.470.140.421.51.25CommentsGross profit ratio which indicates the gross margin on sales in a period is steadly show a sign of alter 2009 from downward slope that occurred between 2008 2007, however the gross profit ratio needs improvementThe net income ratio and return on great(p) which indicates a relative efficiency of the hotels business and general profitabili ty of the business is worrisome even with 17.3% for net return 63.7 ROCE for 2009 the performance is still out-of-the-way(prenominal) below expected returns level and it glaring that the hotel has been performance in term of profitability badly. For the hotel to remain operation for the nearest features it must be bankable and liquid. The strategy to adopt here is for the hotels managemenet to reduce its operational cost, improve revenue per guests,rates of occupany and innovate a new products or service that can improve revenue and profitability stream.The liquidity go under of the hotel is far below ratio 21 recomended for healthy company, liquidity ratio measure the ability of a firm to meet its short -term obligations and reflect short term financial strength of the firm while the gearing ratio is passing high as the company operation is funded from debts and depend on borrowed fund for expansion which is very vulerabilty to earning of shareholders and poses a possibility of take -over or bankcruptcy.The overall trend analysis for the hotel(see apendix2) provides uselful insight into some of the factors that might contributed to this aweful financial positionInterestingly, many individual operating ration are specifically acquirable for hospitality industries which focus on internal operation like rooms/ readjustment, Foods Beverage analysis and decision making. Some of these analysis includes but not limited to income per guests for each division, costs per guest by items, foods and or fortuneable cost percentage, labor cost percentage fair foods or boozing dollar/Naira by meals period and by revenue areas, seat turnover rate by meals period etcIn the rooms or lodgimg division average rate per occupied room, revenue per gettable room (REVPAR) , Occupancy percentage, annual revenue per room, labour cost percentage etcThe internal analysis of the above influenced the management decision making in term of improve sales level, directing efforts in to selling higher priced rooms rather than lower priced, increasing rate of occupancy percentage or average room rate.On the impact of success critical factor(CSF) on the financial performance, the monetary indicators, grosss operating profit per available room was usedSECTION 5 detonating device INVESTMENT ANALYSIS5.0 CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES IN HOTEL INDUSTRYThe largest enthronement that hotel or food seervice business has to make is in the land and building (Martin Micheal 2004) . The hotels management also make frequent enthronisation decision for items such as equipment, furniture purchases and replacement. Due to elongated life time and colossal of outstanding outlays entail for capital investment, management espoused a more pragmatic approach and use appropriate capital investment control methodology to go through right capital investment decision makingThere are hazard in making capital investment, the hazards can be seldom be eliminated but there are techniques av ailable that allow the manager to reduce some of the quessworkThe Lagos Airport hotels use vengeance period and net present value, rn as a tools to guide investment decisionA Case study of capital investment decision making in Lagos Airport HotelA typical capital investment decision techniques is the Lagos airport hotel was contemplating of improve the restaurant services and planning to purchase a new type of oven and other modern kitchen apparatus. Or invest in Cinema or Casio Opertaion The hotel management is provided with two alternative investment option to choose from with their annual net cash inflows over the five -year investment period stratumOtption1- Restaurant Improvement plectrum2- New Cinema Casio mettle11,200,000630,00021,290,000870,00031,320,0001,275,00041,230,0001,725,0005615,0001,815,000The initial investment outlay of N4,950,000NPV is at 12%, Would either of them be a true investment for the hotel?Solution option 1 -Restaurant improvementNet cash flows additive net cash flowsYear 0Cost investment(4,950,000)(4,950,000)Year1Net Saving1,200,000(3,750,000) (-4,950,000 + 1,200,000)Year 2Net deliver earlier Dep1,290,000(2,460,000) (-3,750,000 +1,290,000)Year 3Net redeeming(a) before Dep1,320,000(1,140,000 ) (-2,460,000+ 1,320,000)Year4Net saving before Dep1,230,00090,000 (-1,140,000 +1,230,000)Year5Net saving before Dep615,000705,000 ( 90,000+ 615,000)Option 1 retribution period = 3 years, 11 months plus 4 daysOption 2 -New Cinema CASINO CENTRENet cash flowsCumulative net cash flowsYear 0Cost investment(4,950,000)(4,950,000)Year1Net Saving before Dep630,000(4,320,000) (-4,950,000 + 630,000)Year 2Net saving before Dep870,000(3,450,000) (-4,320,000 +870,000)Year 3Net saving before Dep1,275,000(2,175,000 ) (-3,450,000+ 1,275,000)Year4Net saving before Dep1,725,000(450,000) (-2,175,000 +1,725,000)Year5Net saving before Dep1,815,0001,365,000 ( -450,000+ 1,815,000)Option 2 Payback period = 4 years, 3 monthsThe analysis above showed option 1 hav e a shorter pay back period and logic of victimization pay back period is that projects that can recoup their cost readily are economically more attractive than those with longer payback(Antrill Mclaney 2009) so Option 1 is to be selected based on pay period methods.The major drawback o9f pay back period is that it ignore cash flow aft(prenominal) the payback period and it does not take time value of money(Effect of swelling/ interest /risk etc) into considerationNET PRESENT VALUE(NPV)Net present value methods of appraisal consider all of the costs and benefits of each investment opportunity and make a logical allowance for the timing of those costs and benefitsThe NPV is consider better among all other investment appraisal techniques because of cashflow timming recognition, uses of all relevant cash flow and meet the objective of the business which to increase owners wealthLAGOS AIRPORT HOTEL USING NPV METHODOPTION1 -Restaurant ImprovementNPVOption 2 New Cinema Casino centreT imeCash flowNNPV (12%)Cash flowNNPVYear0(4,950,000)(4,950,00)(4,950,000)(4,950,00)Year11,200,0000.89291,071,480630,000562,527Year 21,290,0000.79721,028,388870,000693,564Year 31,320,0000.7118939,5751,275,000907,545Year 41,230,0000.6355781,6651,725,0001,096,238Year 5615,0000.5066311,5591,815,000919,479-817,333-770,647Here we must ask how can management decide which option or project is acceptable, judging by NPV decision which stated thatIf the NPV is positive the project should be accepted, if it is negative the project should be rejectedIf there are two (or more) competing projects/options that have positive NPVs, the project with higher (or highest) should be selected.In this fibre of Lagos Airport hotel non of the two option is Negative and it should be rejected unless management has other non financial benefits attached with options which may still at long run contribute to the actualisation of the hotels strategic goals.SECTION 6 competitory ANALYSISCOMPETITIVE ANALYSISAs usual for business surround in the hotel industry is a highly competitvive, and Lagos Hotels Limited found itself in a such competitive based marketing segment with more than 5000 operators in the market. Significantly the hotels has the followings 7 majors/ market leaders to stand in withSheraton Hotels Tower, Pretoria Hotels, Federal Palace Hotels, Lagos Hilton Hotel, Excellence Hotel, PVC Hotels and Reassurance HotelsThe core keys advantages of competitors in Comparism with Lagos airport range from their location advantage(Most of them located in Victoria and ikoyi areas of Lagos that accommodation the major businesses in Nigeria) International Operations advantage, 21st century well designed architectural building , modern facilities luxury, Branding, high Price advantages, innovation program (Customer Loyalty Program) etcThe major advantages of Lagos airport is strategic location in the ikeja but with old building structuresNext to Lagos is Victoria Island, which takes while to g et to, about 2hrs, this is because of the amount of traffic and chaos on the roads, also some of the roads are in a bit of a mess, pot holes that can swallow you without trace. Victoria island is modern, and the Hotel Eco is very good, but costs 250 GBP per night note the Sheraton in Lagos is also modern and costs 300-350 per night, bottled water in the Eco was 4, but if you are spending 250 a night who cares, you must discover drinking water in this heat. These hotels do cost more than a London Hotel, but then there is no where else decent aside from Lagos Airport Hotel. Note the Airport Hotel was 100 per night, I booked at the desk where ther is a written price sheet on the wall, you will have to put down a security deposit but you do get this back at the end of your digest.SECTION 7 equilibrise SCORECARDAPPLICATION OF BALANCED SCORED CARD FRAMEWORK (A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS AIRPORT HOTEL)Balanced circuit card as the name suggested offers a more match view of a firms or of a m anagers performance by intergrating both financial and non financial information in a dogged fashion .This overcomes one of the obvious defects of traditional performance measurement systems which places unjustifiable emphasis on historical financial information.For long term effective and efficient performance, especially in hotel enterprise, the information related to service quality, debut of new products, service, additional supply, entrance on new market, the competitor performance and human capital relation management is vital.Goardana Mateja also empaciated the need for balanced score card application in hotel indsutry The hotels operations are oriented towards people and to that end their financial performance depends on the behaviour and adroitness of hotels employees, the development of new products and service and as the most important , guest satisfactionIn Lagos airport hotel use it to implement strategies of a change/ restructing in management programme undergo in 2009Apart from utilize it to create a link between the performance measurement indicators and hotel strategies, Management use it to communicate strategy to both managers and staff.At operational level the Balance scored card are use to align employess efforts with those reuired for successful strategic implementation However, successful implementation of a balanced scorecard is not a trivial matters especially for hotels like Lagos Airport Hotels that is Government owned which make some top management appointment political in nature. Apart from this balanced scored concept is simple but it implementation is found to be time consuming and costly task especially to hotel like Lagos Airport with weak financial resources and manpower to support the practice of this new management concept in the longrun.Table Lagos Airport Hotel Balanced scorecardHotel Management Balanced ScorecardManaging the day to day activities of a hotel can be facilitated with the help of KPIs. KPIs, on a BS C are the means to attain the end of Measuring Performance. Such tool can be used when umpteen external and internal forces have a bearing on the organiPerspectivePerformance pecuniary Perspective53.63%Customer Perspective65.56% talent29.67%Staff perspective65.78%Total Performance54.85%Scorecard includes 4 categories, 17 indicatorsStrategy tree and scorecard details PerspectiveGoal cant over(x of 10)DescriptionPerformance(%)MeasureunitTargetValuesFinancial Perspective353.63%Wage Costs as a % of total sales3It refers to wage cost as a % of total sales of the hotel.40%%0%Annual operating profit per room3It refers to annual operating profit per room available in the hotel.10000$25000Food cost as a % of food sales240%%0%% increase in labor costs220%%0%Total Performance in assortingFinancial Perspective53.63%Customer Perspective365.56%Number of positive feedbacks3It refers to number of positive feedbacks received from the customers (on a scale of 1 to 10).9Score10Number of complaints r eceived2It refers to number of complaints received from the customers regarding the services provided by hotel (on a scale of 1 to 10).3Score10Response rate3Metric is not available in trial variant1minutes1Frequent customers as a % of total customers2Metric is not available in trial version30%%100%Total Performance in groupCustomer Perspective65.56%Efficiency229.67%% of room booked through reservation channels2It refers to % of room booked through reservation channels maintained by the hotel.25%%100%Internet bookings2indicates the % of bookings received through internet services.30%%100%Room occupancy2Metric is not available in trial version60%%100%Rate of sales inquiry conversion2Metric is not available in trial version30%%60%Average length of stay2Metric is not available in trial version2days4Total Performance in groupEfficiency29.67%Staff perspective265.78%Staff turn

Reflective Essay on Business and Entrepreneurship

thoughtful Essay on Business and EntrepreneurshipReflective EssayI demand never really considered much round business and entrepreneurship until I started the merchandising in Hospitality course. I rush come to understand how businesses have evolved their marketing strategies over the years by implementing unhomogeneous concepts in order to achieve order goals. I have in like manner come to appreciate the importance of team work devoted that this module requires the work to be done in a group. In doing this it has created a sense of team spirit among myself and my group members. In this broody essay I testament be outlining what I have wise(p) in each Assessment Criteria and how it will help me in my profession.In AC 2.1 I leaned about the importance of an presidential term having a Marketing Mix which will allow them to meet customer expectations and needs. I in addition secureed a full understanding of the 4 Ps of the marketing ruffle and the crucial part in which ea ch play in ensuring that the organisation achieves their goals. This AC will help me to know why a company chooses to use a certain distribution method or the pass water of advertisement that they choose.In AC 2.2 I learn about the heterogeneous set strategies that have been utilize by organisations in order to gain a leading advantage over competitors. The various strategies that have been utilised argon floor pricing, penetration pricing, premium pricing, equal pricing, bundle pricing among others. Depending the kind of feedback or result in which the organization is seeking they will choose the pricing that outmatch suits them. I also learned that on that point are various factors such as competition, ethics and even the parsimony that may affect the pricing of a output.In AC 3.1 I learned about advanceal mix and the importance of branding and image. I learned how relevant a customer perception of a company, return or product is hence, the advertisement or promotional method in which they choose shag determine whether or not they will succeed.In AC 3.2 I learned the importance of advertisement and advertising campaigns. I learned about how to plan an advertisement campaign, the steps to take and also how to ensure that the campaign is effective in impacting the targeted audience.AC 3.3 I learned about sales promotion and also cosmos relations. Sales promotion are short- term techniques that companies might use to create an incentive strategy for customers in order to get them to purchase their products. I understand that gaining public acceptance is a vital role for public relations and they are given the task of ensuring that people know about the company and the product or services it provides.AC 4.1 I learned about the relevancy of market research and how vital it is for companies to conduct such research in order to ensure that their plan or product will be successful or is suitable for the current market. Marketing research identifies tr ends and anomalies inside the market and focuses on the needs of the consumers.AC 4.2 I learned how to channel out a marketing research. I learned about the contrary steps to take and also about data collection and sources which should be used. I learned about primary and secondary sources, how to select the best sampling groups and the various use for qualitative and quantitative research.AC 4.3 I learned about the different marketing methods such as television, magazines, billboards and posters among others. I also learned about the advantages and disadvantages of each and the effect that each is verbalise to have on consumers. I also learned about the various factors to consider when choosing a marketing method such as budget, resources and gettable time.AC 4.4 I learned about the process of implementation in marketing. This is where all the marketing strategies that a company has come up with are put into action. I learned that there are various approaches that can be taken when implementing the various marketing strategies such as drop approach, change approach, cultural and consensus approach.Overall, the course was very educational and the group assignments were healthy as it stimulated team work. This is vital and resourceful, as I am currently working in an industry that requires working together as a team. For the purpose of gathering information, formulating a way to approach the judgement criteria and delegating the workload, I have learnt to listen attentively, respect and appreciate everyones suggestions and feedbacks. I had gained more than enough knowledge and insights for establishing and running a business

Hypochondria and Prozac Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Hypochondria and Prozac A chit For All Ills?Right now, my shoulder really, really aches. Its a dull, uncentralized sort of pain, and over the past few age, it has spread to my neck and upper arms. My wrists hurt too, especially when I twist them a certain way. Im tired all of the time, and thirsty. Im non worried about these symptoms. Their cause is obvious. Ive spent the last four days hunched over my computer until early morning, furiously typing reports for finals week (this one included). I get an average of four to five hours of sopor a night, and the rest of the time, only a constant stream of caffeinated beverages bottom keep me awake. My back/shoulder/neck pain is caused by my berth at the computer my tiredness is a result of---what else?---lack of sleep Im thirsty because all Im drinking is soda. If I were a hypochondriac, though, Id probably think I had cancer.Dont laugh. Hypochondria, or the attributing of benign symptoms such as backache and fatigue to serious il lnesses, occurs in 1% of the population and 5% of Americas medical outpatients ((7)). These people, while usually in truth healthy, interpret every minor pain as indicative of something serious. They extend from doctor to doctor seeking treatment if one doctor refuses to bang their illness, or gives them a clean bill of health, they simply move on ((7)). This process can go on for anywhere from six months to eld ((6)). The symptoms they feel are not delusions, nor are they purposefully-created fakes. Pretending to experience nonexistant symptoms is a behavior associated with a different disorder, Muchausen syndrome. Hypochondriacs pain is very real. Its just not, as its sufferers assume, a sign of some fatal illness ((7... ...iety for what it was, and know that it was a mental rather than a physical problem, and therefore fixable. Most importantly, I would know that I wouldnt have to rely on pills for my recovery. That being said, Im termination to go pop a few aspirins. Inte rnet Sources1)http//www. newsworthinesscientist.com/channel/ touch sensation/2)http//www.uib.no/med/avd/med_a/gastro/wilhelms/hypochon.html3)http//www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss24/record2124.24.html4)http//www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss24/record2124.24.html5)http//www.usatoday.com/news/health/healthcare/2002-03-19-hypochondriacs.htm6)http//healthsciences.columbia.edu/news/journal/journal-o/archives/jour_v15n2_0002.html7)http//www.helenair.com/articles/2003/09/13/health/c01090903_04.txt8)http//www.uib.no/med/avd/med_a/gastro/wilhelms/wallstr.html

My Thoughts on Writing Essays -- Writing Education School Essays

My Thoughts on WritingThe only thing I c atomic number 18 just about the only thing I hope to delineate from this course, is some improvement in my ability to compile what I hazard -- explain ideas and feelings to other people. I dont give a damn about anything else, and so far I havent been disappointed. At the beginning of the course I was informed that we were going to be discussing exposition, which isnt so much a conformation of opus as a purpose or attitude foot it. This purpose is to explore, unfold, or develop an idea or issue. And the sense Ive gotten from our discussion is that the attitude is one of intellectual honesty, of dedication to learning something and reporting whats in that respect , instead of protecting preconceived notions or projecting agendas or other than future(a) some kind of safe path. Themewriting is what weve been calling everything which does the latter. The first character paper we read, the 3 E-Z steps to get to success one, is a stark( a) example of what Ive come to consider themewriting. It takes on success, which it acknowledges in the first paragraph is a complex and abstract concept open to many interpretations. It consequently says that whatever it is, success is something we can easily achieve by following a simple formula. The elements of the formula itself -- set goals, set achievable goals, and achieve your achievable goals -- are things weve all heard from self-help videos, counselors, and tea tins. So, cliche -- doctrine on stuff the writer already knows and thinks is so True zero can dis retche it -- is a hallmark of themewriting. These reams of term papers are written in response to all sorts of assignments. I wrote one exist year for meteorology about weather control which I constructed unaccompanied as ... ...s absolutely necessary. In other words, they have little or no personalised commitment to their writing. And why would they? This isnt a piece of writing which boiled up from inside them , driven by some aesthetic imperative. I got VERY good at the method I was taught in high school, and Ive suffered for it. I am acutely aware of a confused feeling when faced with the need or desire to succinctly put my own thoughts down on paper -- in a personal letter, in a letter to the editor of the hometown newspaper, or one to a politician to tell him what a weenie he is -- or to write this paper expressing my ideas about writing. I find I have to tighten hard to write what I want to say without resorting to cliches, bluffing assertions of alleged facts, and the printed identical of mumbling-and-hoping-people-get-it, but at least that means Im learning what to watch for.

Comparing and Contrasting the Book and Play Version of Shelleys Franke

Do not judge a al-Quran by its cover. Those are the words of a famous American proverb that says a persons computer address cannot be judged based on their appearance. This proverb is very fitting in regards to the teras from Frankenstein. On the outside, he has a terrible appearance, and as a result is victimized and made to suffer by those who cannot see historic his looks. Yet he has a kind soul and is simply looking for for happiness and a little compassion from others. Both the book and the act upon present him as a sufferer in a deplorable world save ultimately the book does a better furrow portraying his pain and eliciting empathy from the reader. The monster in the book details his torture in great detail, is to a greater extent eloquent and persuasive and also experiences a more tragic ending, and as a result the reader feels more sympathy towards him than an audience member would feel towards the monster in the play.The greater detail provided by the book nearly the monsters experiences allows the reader to sympathize with the monster more so than an audience member. When the Frankenstein monster is retelling the floor of the hardships he has endured, he mentions events that were overlooked in the play. One example of this is when the monster saved a girls life. Such an act would ordinarily be considered very heroic and receive much praise nether any(prenominal) circumstances, but instead the monster is rewarded by being shot, receiving just now the miserable pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone. (Shelley 135) The book also examines the months of hard work the creature put into learning about human nature and language in order to be full accepted when he chose to reveal himself. The monster hid by the cottage for around a year, listening and learning during t... ...derstand, but he did everything within his causation to fit in. He tried his best to help others, wanting zero point but acceptance in return. Yet he was c ursed with a monstrous appearance. This was the one characteristic he had no control over, but it was the one that negated all his good intentions in the eyes of society, causing him a tremendous amount misery and eventually leading him to do approximately terrible things. If his monstrous appearance is just one example of any characteristic looked down upon by society, then his story is a goodly lesson for any reader. It brings to light the misery and pain inflicted possibly unknowingly by society onto those that do not fit in. Taking that into consideration, there stiff a simple question who really was the monster in the wise?Work CitedShelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Susan J. Wolfson. New York Longman, 2003.

Essay --

The movie, The tinct Purple, may be verging on one of my favorite movies of every(prenominal) time. When I watch it my eyes are liter eachy glued to the screen. It has make me cry and laugh and love and so many more emotions that I cant even cry. I was literally so scare of scenes that I jumped off my seat and onto the floor. The movie starts out with a little girl who gives birth to her second child. Her stepfather is the father of the child meaning he attack her non only once but twice. She is only fourteen during these age and she is only fourteen when she gets married to a man who remain unidentified and he also rapes her and beats her. Throughout the story, you learn from Celie herself who says when talking to her full friend Shug Avery, He beats me because I am non you. (Celie, The chroma Purple). He past takes her sister away from her and she does not get to develop contact with her sister again for an incredibly long time. However, even though the story st arts out so sad it does get better after the Ceile is and adult and she meets Sophia. Sophia is Harpos soon to be wife. Harpo is Mr. s son. Harpo and Sophia love all(prenominal) former(a) very much, but they end up drifting apart(predicate) and then Shug Avery comes into Celies life and changes it very much. She teaches Ceile a ton of things and she is the fair sex who inspires Ceile to stand up for herself. There are three scenes in The comment Purple directed by Stephen Spielberg that are my absolute favorite.In the movie, The Color Purple, Ceile finally is told that she is something special from listening to a song. In this scene, Shug Avery is performing for a crowd at their local bar. After her first song ends, she then tells the crowd what her next song is about. It is dedicated to none other than Mis... ... Celie is enjoying the bodily process and does not want to leave, but has to when Shug pulls her away because things are getting dangerous. Celie gets in on e more sneak peek of all the action, but does not see much before she is dragged away again. I do not mean to pick the scenes that were happier than others as my favorites. I did enjoy all of the other deep meaning scenes as well, but it is more difficult to preserve through tears. Personally, I think a movie about women say-so is inspiring beyond anything else. Especially a movie where its starts off so sad and the narrator talks with such despair and hopelessness and turns all that into success and happiness by the end. The Color Purple brings out so many emotions in everybody that when watching, you just cannot believe. There is never a thudding point in this movie because all of it comes together at the end.

Do Animals Have Rights Essay -- Religion Papers

Do Animals drive home RightsAnimals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday living. Is it honorable or right to test our products on animals? If animal interrogation were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people subscribe different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for twain sides.In order to look at an organized argument, there must(prenominal) first be an agreed upon exemplar by which the opposing sides of the arguments are judged. For the argument about the use of animals for science research laboratory testing, that standard will be the Word of God. And God said, Let the fetch produce vitality creatures according to their kinds livestock, creatures that become along the ground, and wild animals, both(prenominal) according to its kind. And it was so. (Genesis 124) Then God said, Let us shed light on man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the seek of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. (Genesis 126) God blessed them and said to them, Be rich and increase in number fill the earth and subdue it. curb over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground. (Genesis 128) It is very clear from the first chapter in the parole that man was put over and in charge of all the earth. This means that man is superior to all other living things on the earth. Does this also mean that man has the right to use animals for laboratory testing? Jesus is quoted as saying, Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to be great among you must be your ... ...t. Researchers should constantly be searching for new methods of testing products and medicines. The lab-grown-skin samples that are advocated by the animal rights groups are a terrific step in the right direction. There are obvious uses for these test samples. Many of the augmentative products that are used today could be tested for toxicity victimization these alternative testing techniques. Hopefully they are accurate enough to draw off use by companies involved in such testing.Using the Bible as a standard to judge the two sides of this argument shows that both sides have problems with their reasoning. However, both sides also have good points. It is clear though, that the laboratory testing of animals can be extremely beneficial to mankind. When a persons life can be saved or prolonged, the laboratory testing of animals is a necessary and acceptable practice.

Essay examples --

The overall attractiveness of the PC manufacturing fear is affected by several factors. These include general macroeconomic conditions as well as industry specific factors such as the queer economic features of the industry, competitive forces, forces of change, the market position and expected behavior of the motley competitors already in the industry, and the industrys key success factors. This declare examines each of these factors in turn to arrive at an overall perspicacity of the attractiveness of the industry, and the types of companies that would, or would not be, attracted to it. The analysis starts with an assessment of the macroeconomic conditions alter the marketThe PC marketplace has plausibly grasped its maximum penetration in words of households and businesses. At this point, substitute due to wreck and obsolescence due to more and more demanding requests are the main drivers of new PC by (see Pace of skilful Change page 15). Substitute reports for 80% of U.S. PC purchases. As interminable of these demanding requests are in the home-computer marketplace dema...

Womens Progress in the Late Nineteenth Century :: European Europe History

Womens Progress in the Late 19th CenturyWomen didnt gain the right to vote until the twentieth century exactly great strides were made starting in the 1840s to help women on their periodncy to winning legal privileges and responsibilities. Below is rund feature by year of the some important laws passed in England to try to help out the situation of totally women, especially working and middle class. Just imagine what life would give birth been like before these laws were passed. We read all the time about women who quetch about being helpless. How often is that claim believed? Women were practically helpless and to the highest degree completely dependent upon either family or husband in the eyeball of the law. Unless a girl became a wealthy widow or stayed a pitied spinster she had no chance of being independent. but as you bequeath soon see, the road to change is a rough and repetitive one. 1839- The infant Custody Act is passed. It states that any woman who can estim ate a suit and prove herself inoccent of adultery may have manpower of children downstairs seven years of age and periodic visitation with those under the age of consent (sixteen). Of course most women werent independently wealthy so they couldnt enter a suit and the act also kept justly, or unjustly, aerated adulteresses away from their children with no similar provision towards unfaithful husbands. 1857- The Married Womens home Bill (two versions) One version of this bill declared that marriage laws requisite a serious overhaul, that married women should have the same property rights as single women, and that women should have speedy access to the courts to gain protection for their property. But this version dropped out of sight. The other version didnt change the court clay at all but did propose letting women control their own property after marriage, allowing them to dispose of it according to their will, and to apply the same inheritance rules to a deceased womans belon gings as to a mans. This bill was canonic on its second reading but dropped due to the passing of the divorce Act the same year. 1857- The Matrimonial Causes Act- The Divorce Act, as it was called, gave courts the decision on who to award custody to. This meant that women who had been found guilty of adultery could gain custody of their children if the courts thought that was what would be best.