Discuss Hirst and Thompsons view that globalization, as conceived by Essay

Discuss Hirst and Thompsons view that globalization, as conceived by the more extreme globalizers, is largely a story - Essay ExampleThe first reason is that globalisation is not a new, unprecedented phenomenon. It has been going on for over 2,500 years,3 being greatly instrumental in helping ancient Greek, Roman, Chinese and meat east civilisations bring together large areas.4 Silks from Asia were sold in the Roman Empire under the rule of Julius Caesar. The Middle Ages period witnessed Europeans buying pepper grown in Asia. Portugal ousted the Ottomans to establish control over the Indian naval in the 16th century, with its powerful caravels and carracks guaranteeing spice mess. The same scenario is repeated today, only this time it is the mighty swift of U.S Navy carriers that is safeguarding the oil trade.5 The Dutch East India Company is credited with transforming globalisation into a remarkable headache development in the 17th century. Dubbed as the worlds first internat ional Company MNC it pioneered the allocation of shares a crucial driver for globalisationas a method of dividing risk and facilitating joint ownership. During the nineteenth century, the liberalisation that took place dubbed as the First Era of Globalisation saw the speedy growth of trade and investment first between the European imperialist nations and their colonies, and later between the former and the United States.6The aid reason is the existence of Regional Blocks. Contrary to the concept of globalisation that involves the manufacture and distribution of goods and services of exchangeable characteristics and quality on a global basis, nearly all trade involving big companies currently occurs within these blocks. Prominent traders find it more logical and profitable to concentrate on national and regional levels.7 query has established that business enterprises tend to conduct operations in one of 3 Regional Blocks mating America, the EU and Japan.8 Within each Regional Block, trade activities are largely carried out by the Multinational Companies (MNCs)

Organizational analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational analysis - Essay ExampleLukes infirmary is the largest in the size as well as in number of nurses and doctors providing their services to the patients. With the collaboration of University of IOWA Hospitals and Clinics, St Lukes Hospital is now focusing on open-heart surgeries, Intensive Care Units (ICU,) and neonatal services such that only St. Lukes Hospital is providing such services in whole Cedar Rapids. The main reason behind the organisation of St. Lukes Hospital was the lack of any good smell healthcare service-providers and hospitals. Increasing level of deaths and casualties referable to lack of emergency services made the officials think of establishing a new hospital in stage to control the death toll. Due to this legacy element of protecting publics life, the overall image, and honour of St. Lukes Hospital in Cedar Rapid is quite high and people remember the hospitals image in good faith. The community impact of the hospital is also quite considerab le since the time it built an inpatient rehabilitation unit, which is accredited by Commission on Accredited of reclamation Facilities (CARF). Fourteen Forces of Magnetism As far as the obligates of magnetism are concerned, St. Lukes Hospital has remained prospered in keeping the forces consistent with original intent. However, there are still some forces, which turned come out of the closet to be rather inconsistent due to various reasons. The alone presence of St. Lukes Hospital for a relatively longer period of time and the monopoly that it enjoyed over that time created some inconsistencies in the forces of magnetism. Since then naught did not even notice them and therefore, did not make any changes to rectify those inconsistencies. The main forces, which are ensnare to be inconsistent with their original intent, are fourth and thirteenth force, which relate to force out Policies and Programs, and Interdisciplinary Relationships respectively. Personnel Policies and Progra ms involve the amount of compensation and benefits that are awarded to the employees of the organization. In St. Lukes Hospital, the major kinds of employees are doctors and nurses. Doctors are pay competitively however nurses are underpaid. In this way, St. Lukes Hospital remained a bit deficient in providing appropriate rewards and benefits to all levels of employees working in the hospital. Another main threatening inconsistency relates to thirteenth force such that the relationships developed between the doctors and their lower staff including nurses is not quite satisfactory. The behavior of doctors is quite vulgar and underestimating with their lower staff mainly because of achieving higher qualification (Malloch and OGrady, 2010). However, this inconsistency does not hinder the quality of healthcare services provided by the hospital to the patients. Force number eleven, which states that nurses should also be used as teachers is also lacking in St. Lukes Hospital. It has be en the practice of the management of St. Lukes Hospital to recruit the qualify nurses rather than teaching the new comers and bringing them in the mainstream teaching profession. Force number nine, which is related to the liberty provided to the employees is also quite lacking in the organizational dynamics of St. Lukes Hospital. Both doctors and surgeons do experience some real kind of autonomy and they can take even strategic decisions, which are in the benefit of the hospital. However, staff working under these doctors and surge

Costa Coffee Enters France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Costa Coffee Enters France - Essay ExampleCoffee enculturation in France is rather mature even prominent historical writers have been known to mention a cafe or ii in their accurate descriptions of the french revolution. Therefore, coffee businesses are ubiquitous in France matchless can puzzle a coffee shop in almost every street corner in the populations capital. almost of them are high-end, chic cafes, with lots of decorated interior designs and room for interaction with ones acquaintances. These types of shops can mostly be found in places like Saint Germaine as swell up as the Left Bank, which also has a high concentration of elegant coffee shops.Typically, a French cafe will have both an indoor and outdoor setting with plenty of wooden interior designs and an intimate atmosphere all around. Cakes, pastries or sandwiches may be available but most consumers go into these shops for the coffee espresso in small cups is their preferred choice while some others may choose different versions of the espresso and cream. Most French waiters in these cafes seem ambivalent about meeting consumer needs and may even wait arrogant to foreign nations. Smoking used to be a distinct aspect of coffee culture in France but after its ban, most patrons prefer to smoke in the outdoor section of the cafes.Overall, the aura of cafes makes coffee cultures predominantly unique in France people think of coffee drinking as a ritual to be enjoyed. Waiters care little about turnover rates, so patrons have the freedom to pose in as long as they like while catching up with friends. The cafe is a social meeting place and reflects the unhurried nature of French culture in comparison to other western societies.

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Critique - Essay Examplenimous concern that in that respect depart be a knowledge-based generational gap if higher education is not transformed to nutriment with the accelerating changes of digital information. Levine and Dean do identify and make the valid claim that the majority of students believe they will achieve success based on previous generations ability to do so, and how students do not take into account the reality of a poor economic infrastructure. However, students do recognize that a stagnant economy will curtail the possibilities of monetary success. It is important to acknowledge what students today think roughly the future of the economy twenty years ago, tuition was never thought to reach the price and enthronization that it has today. Although the authors reveal and extol their concepts on how society as a whole is changing inevitably through and through the digital revolution, it is conveyed in an editorial point of view. The authors concerns have a sense of legitimacy, and many assumptions are made without taking into account that life and society is always changing. Change, by definition, is an ever-evolving transmutation that at times can seem to occur instantaneously. The credibility such as the statistics given becomes reorient and misleading to the auditory modality because of the way Levine and Dean interpret them.Although Levine and Dean make broad assumptions, they do, however, make lovely depictions on the concept of how grades are more inflated, but not how they perceive it to have been done. Forty-one part of undergrads have grades of an A- or higher (Levine & Dean), this statistic may be true, but the point of view from the authors mislead the audience by claiming that a student who has an A got that grade because grades are inflated, which leads to their assumption that todays undergrads are weak academically. The authors do not take into account that every teacher is different in his or her own way, an assumption c annot be concluding with the evidence given. This is in

Operational Management Contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operational Management Contexts - Essay ExampleThe first phase was to shift to put together to order planning (ATO), the second was de-integrating the manufacturing facility, and finally, rationalization- that is reducing the range of family of products to two that are most profitable for the company. These are innovations to be implemented depending on the mart conditions. There were factors and aspects of innovation to visualize. Firstly, what type of innovation is needed to straitlaced address the main objective of the phase changes, secondly, when is the right time the innovation should be implemented in the market life cycle, thirdly, an analysis on the implication of change in the supply chain, and finally, what are the trade-offs to wee-wee into consideration and how to address them to optimize the effect of phase changes.The planned phase changes of AB Machine musical instrument is meant to basically address profitability and the ever challenging market. The need for th is is inevitable considering the fact that the market region of the company is getting smaller because of fierce competitions. The need to attract more investment is one of the options in order to maintain the economic viability. But to attract more investments means showing the potential investor the specialization and capabilities of the company through changing times and turbulent market conditions. ... It is for this reason, AB Machine Tool ought to consider the need to introduce changes tactically and strategically but how it will affect the entire organization positively remains to be seen. Timing, type of innovations, trade-offs are some of the things that we should be looking into and this is our objective.Mundane Taxonomy of Innovation TypesMoore (2004) enumerated the polar types of innovations and gave description to each one of them but more importantly gave emphasis when it is to be applied during the market life cycle of the organization. He also emphasized its impor tance as it determines the economic viability and existence of an organization. enroll 1, Aligning Innovation with the Life Cycle, shows the eight types of innovations and when each one is supposed to be implemented in the market life cycle.Figure 1. The Market Development CycleThe Innovations as defined by Moore (2004) are as followsDisruptive Innovation. Characterized by a great deal of attention particularly in the media, product appears as if from nowhere, creating a massive new sources of wealth. Application Innovation. Takes existing technologies into new markets to serve new purposes.Product Innovation. Takes realized offers in established markets to the next level.The focus can be on performance increase, cost reduction, usability improvement, or any product enhancement.Process Innovation. Makes processes for established offers in established markets more effective or efficient. experiential Innovation. Makes surface modifications that improves customers experience of est ablished products or processes. Marketing Innovation. Improves customers touching processes, be they marketing communication or

Single Women in Victorian England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Single Women in Victorian England - Essay ExampleThe lives and fortunes of single women in Victorian England.The nightclub of Victorian England was, as we know, very family line-riven. Thus the lives and fortunes of single women in that society depended largely on the class they were born into and on the resources lendable to them. Some, like Mary Carpenter, were fortunate in those resources.1 As H Schupf points out, Traditionally, the options available to the middle-class spinster without resources were commonly limited to governessing or authorship but for those who were both financially case-by-case and unencumbered by relatives, there existed the additional possibility of charitable work.2 Clearly, for the work classes, the situation was quite different. save unlike their middle-class and upper class counterparts, working-class women had job opportunities as internal servants and in factories and, though both these occupations were lowly paid and demanding. As Jeffreys w rites, divorced women from the working class did have access to work and the gigantic majority of them were absorbed in the domestic servant industry which relied almost entirely on unmarried women.3 Becoming a domestic servant had its approach for many young women of the time, as they were thus enabled to gap free from the immediate constraints of their background The discomfort of poor, overcrowded homes and the problems of family life, harass by high birth rates, high deathrate rates, and the emigration of men overseas, may have rendered domestic service in more prosperous houses initially at least an attractive alternative.4 Attractive, perhaps, but not always reliable, for such work was casual and often seasonal, depending as it did on the shifts and movements of the upper classes. Not... Clearly, for the working classes, the situation was quite different. Yet unlike their middle-class and upper class counterparts, working-class women had job opportunities as domestic se rvants and in factories and, though both these occupations were lowly paid and demanding. As Jeffreys writes, unmarried women from the working class did have access to work and the vast majority of them were absorbed in the domestic servant industry which relied almost entirely on unmarried women.3 Becoming a domestic servant had its appeal for many young women of the time, as they were thus enabled to break free from the immediate constraints of their background The discomfort of poor, overcrowded homes and the problems of family life, beset by high birth rates, high mortality rates, and the emigration of men overseas, may have rendered domestic service in more prosperous houses initially at least an attractive alternative.4 Attractive, perhaps, but not always reliable, for such work was casual and often seasonal, depending as it did on the shifts and movements of the upper classes.Not surprisingly, working-class single women were more sexually vulnerab

Bisphenol A (BPA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bisphenol A (BPA) - turn out ExampleIt is kn trade in in recent years of the mid-20th century to have been widely utilized in the manufacture of bottles made of hard plastic as well as metallic containers for packaging provender and beverage. BPA is primarily used in synthesizing polycarbonate high-performance plastics, epoxy resins, and coatings which are further required for a florilegium of yields and other applications. As being a potential contaminant which bears significant impact upon reproduction and emersion in aquatic life due to leaching of BPA from landfills which consist of mixed wastes of disposing of plastic and metal objects. As such, organisms like fish, reptiles, amphibians, and several aquatic invertebrates have been reported to suffer from endocrinal-based consequences upon exposure to moderately toxic BPA levels. former(a) relevant findings also demonstrate environmental hazards posed by BPA on terrestrial wildlife and leguminous plants finished its interf ering action on certain processes required for biological development. BPA is found to cause disruption of endocrine and neurological functions, obesity, brain tumors, thyroid problems, and cancer in human beings among others. I suppose that, as a concerned citizen, I can help minimize the impact of BPA on my environment and on my own health by completely refraining from or reducing at least the use of polycarbonate products. I would take the time and effort to join some anti-BPA campaigns whenever I can and communicate to the public the most to arrest the endeavor of seeking alternatives to BPA.

Wireless Security Best Practices Guide for Business Essay

Wireless Security crush Practices Guide for Business - Essay ExampleEvery confederation in todays foundation is run on tuner network engine room.Local Area Networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely apply to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information. Deploying wireless LAN or wireless network is something like a pilot without instructions to fly an aircraft. One will probably out expert off the ground the next thing is probably a matter of chance, someone is likely to adopt hurt. As it is defined in RFC 2196, the IETSs site Security Handbook, a security measure policy is a formal set of rules through which people who are given access to organizations technology and information assets must abide to.There are many kinds of security policies such as word of honor Policies, Remote Access Policies, Mobile Device Policies, Vulnerability Assessment Policies, Acceptable Use policies and Wireless talk Policies. The assets protected by each one of the policies are different but, they all share common agenda. The security policy has the following important specifications to follow for the best benefit.Devices such as notebooks, handhelds, portables, personal digital assistants, smart phones, etc. which are issued by the Information Technology Department should be permitted to get access to the company internal network through wireless technology.Devices should be checked to have pre-configured with necessary operating ashes and security software which provides an encrypted tunnel (virtual private network) for network traffic encrypts device hard drives screens and removes virus and other malware supports extended user authentication dialog supports remote file backups updates software when the software resident on the device is out of date prevents

The Evolution of Today's Modern Airport Research Paper

The growth of Todays Modern Airport - Research Paper ExampleThe parameters that pass on be used in the estimation include the total number of operating airports at todays date, the role of technology in the operating systems and how accidents play a role in limiting the efficiency of airport authorities or the concerned people involved in the operation of running airlines. The project will include charts and tables to essay the evolution of airports. The project will also take into account how airports might evolve in the prox times as well as decrease the level of risks associated with air travel.The two persons who earn all told credits in discloseing the first airplane are Wright Brothers. From the first success the brothers focused to develop a method of pilot control. They emphasized that this would act as the key in order to pull in the problems relating to flying. They started to experiment on developing powerful engines. With the help of the wind tunnel they developed designs on wing and propellers that were much more efficient than before. The pavement of runways is prepared in such a way so that can maintain maximum friction for the wheels. The surface of the pavements arte usually grooved so that the water fluxs into the grooves notwithstanding the peaks between the grooves will still touch the tires of the airplanes. The regulation of air traffic so as to avert exceeding traffic and maximum utilization of the available space is regarded as Air Traffic flow Management. The project will demonstrate critical thinking by describing how airport evolution could theoretically augment in the future. One of the constraints that the runway faces is that only one airplane can utilize the space at the same time. Therefore it is of utmost necessity to utilize the runway effectively so as to get word that optimal utilization of service is provided to the travelers. The effective operation of the Air Flow Traffic management will avoid collisions and can safely handle maximum airplanes at a certain

A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Essay

A Stakeh overageder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance - Essay ExampleIt launched its slogan in the year 2010 Tiles for Everyone. Topps Tiles PLC have 25 percent sh atomic number 18 in the ceramic tile industry (Topps Tiles, 2012, p. 3). The one-year report of the beau monde revealed that in 2010, Topps Tiles PLC has gained 2 percent more marker sh atomic number 18 that the last year. This company has three segments a) Topps Tiles PLC retail operations in UK, b) Tile Clearing House (TCH), and c) Topps Tiles floor store note in Holland. So Topps Tiles PLC has 37 TCH and 275 outlets now. Topps Tiles Holdings is a subsidiary of Topps Tiles PLC, UK, which deals in ceramic tiles and wooden floorings. The company has almost 1660 employees. Topps Tiles PLC claims to be the number one ceramic tile supplier or retailer. The mission of the company is to produce value and excellent quality products to its customers. The revenue generated in 2011 was ?175.5 million (MarketLine, 2012b, p. 3-4 The Financial Times Ltd, 2012). Products Topps Tiles PLC offers a panoptic range of flooring options to its customers. Apart from flooring, products for outdoor paving, tools and accessories for setting the tiles or other flooring options are excessively sold. They in addition offer online advice services for assisting customers in a better way. Tiles such as ceramic, porcelain, prestige stone, mosaic, etc are sold for not only floors but also for walls, especially in the bathrooms and kitchens. Specific range of kitchen tiles are there to give an energetic feel to the kitchen, so that cooking no more remains a boring job. Apart from the polished tiles, natural stones are also available for flooring to give an old and rustic look to the house. Special styling products like splash backs are also available. Services like designing, styling, and advice for cleanup spot and maintaining these floorings are also given by special advisors. Geographica l Scopes Topps Tiles stores are located mainly in London and the other cities of UK. Though the company is listed and is counted among the top tile brands, but geography wise Topps Tiles PLC is bound to UK and its neighbouring areas only. Business Model Topps Tiles PLC follows a hybrid communication channel model as it follows both bank line to business and business to customer form of dealing. Flooring tiles and stones are sold to real estate and construction companies and also to end users or customers who buy for their homes. It is also sold to very small retail companies who conduct business on a small scale basis. Topps Tiles PLC is a company which follows the sole objective of offering the outperform quality flooring tiles whether the customer is a business house or an individual, who is purchasing small meter of products. The motto is to offer value for money. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS The functional analytical tools that are utilized to dumbfound strategic judgment in order t o estimate the attractiveness of the market are a) PESTLE Analysis, b) doormans Five Force Model, c) SWOT Analysis, d) Strategic Group Mapping, d) Stakeholders Analysis, and e) Risk Analysis. Each of these strategic tools or theories has been discussed and their implications with respect to Topps Tiles Plc are explained below PESTLE Analysis PESTLE ANALYSIS Factors Analysis Political UK beingness one of the most powerful and flourishing country in the world has a significant social function to play in the international business

Response paper about an article called ''Cuba Revolutionary Essay

Response paper about an article called Cuba Revolutionary Projections - try on Exampleits socio-political transformation that had witnessed changing social structure of Cuba along with changing international alliances with withdrawal of American influences, including Hollywood fools and emergence of socialistic culture and its coalition with Soviet Union etc. Consequently, films became the major program to showcase transforming picture Cuba and an important way to influence the taste and preferences of people of Cuba who had become addicted to Hollywood films.ICAIC had contributed to the creative evolution of Cuban cinema despite its limited resources. It had not only helped make constant record of the Cuban revolution but also encouraged Cuban artists and filmmakers to experiment and exploit media. In 1962, Mobile cinema had reached communities who had previously no access to films and their undiluted enthusiasm was captured in Octavio Cortazars gyp film, Por Primera vez. Emine nt filmmakers had made their mark in the decade with highly creative films that had showcased the theme of revolution in bourgeois setting. Thus, films like Death of a Bureaucrat (Garcia Espinoza), Memories of the Underdevelopent, 1968 (Tomas Gutierrez Alea), Lucla (Humberto Solaz), The First machete Charge (Octavio Gomez), NOW, Hanoi Tuesday 13th, lxx Nine Springs etc. by Santiago Alvarez etc. had brought Cuban films into the center stage of International film arena. (words

Minor Assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minor Assignment 4 - Essay ExampleThe greatest support for this model has been the determination that several experimental variables, such as frequency of feedback and practice conditions, differentially affect the accuracy of the rudimentary GMP and the assigned temporal and parameters (Heuer, Schmidt, & Ghodsian, 1995 Wulf, Lee, & Schmidt, 1994 Wulf, Schmidt, & Deubel, 1993).Answer Schmidt et al. (1979) suggested that time constraints affect temporal parameterization in that larger neuromuscular forces argon required to produce movement amplitudes in short versus longer movement times. Also immaturity in the neuromuscular system or the central pathways regulating visuomotor integration would be expected to result in greater performance variability (Motor Control).3. Wulf, G., Schmidt, R. A., & Deubel, H. (1993). Reduced feedback frequency enhances generalized motor program learning alone not parameterization learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cogn ition, 19(5), 1134-1150.4. Motor Control in Children and Adults during a Non-Speech Oral Task. http//www.asha.org/NR/rdonlyres/7B1B6246-9009-46A5-A66D-F48956B5D3ED/0/11448_1.pdf. Accessed 22 October 2008. 5. Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., Frank, J. S., & Quinn, J. T. (1979). Motor- output variability A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review, 86,

The Historical Evolution of Oncology and Oncology Nursing Research Paper

The Historical Evolution of Oncology and Oncology nursing - Research Paper ExampleThe Historical Evolution of Oncology and Oncology Nursing As long as in that respect are valet de chambres, in that respect is also the occurrence of cancer. Cancer is controlled by many factors among these is the presence of cancer-initiating genes or oncogenes and cancer-inhibiting genes or cancer suppressor genes, both of which are normally present in the human genome (Johnson & Gross, 1998). As earlyish as the Paleolithic period, perhaps even earlier than that, some human remains were studied and build out that there were possible identified traces of cancer that protrude as excessive outgrowths in the skull or different b wizs of the body. Some 2,400 years ago, samples of these tumor growths were present in some Egyptian and Peruvian mummies and were identified as osteosarcomas or a form of bone cancer (Wagener, 2009). Due to the loss of the capability of these cancer cells to stop dividin g after reaching a certain mass and cell thickness is reached (density-dependent growth), tumor cells keep on regenerating, dividing and multiplying until a disorganized clump of cells are formed, which results in the masses of tissue that bring to be treated in order to prevent the recurrence of other malignant cells in other parts of the body (Johnson & Gross, 1998). Since bone is much more easily preserved due to its mineral contents, cancerous and malignant growths in ancient bone samples were much more easily obtained and identified for further analyses (Wagener, 2009). Hippocrates was one of the first to initiate the study of oncology. Although it has barely any scientific bases with regards to the formation and the development of tumor growth, close of the terms being used today in oncology were from his initial descriptions of the different types of masses present in the afflicted patient (Wagener, 2009). The Greek word for tumor is oncos, which is the root word origin fo r oncology, scirrhos or unattackable for tumors that felt hard when palpated, and carcinos, or crab as the root word for carcinoma, which were used by Hippocrates as well as his successors in the identification of the different kinds of cancer in patients. Unfortunately, during the early times closely of those afflicted by cancer were women, and due to the disfigurement that the malignant tumors cause, instead of getting treatment these women chose to compensate their pains, silencing their chances of getting better and just suffering in secret (ibid.). During the establishment of medical schools in the gothic times, post-mortem examinations of patients with different diseases as well as medical autopsies were undertaken to further track down the effects of diseases to the human body (Wagener, 2009). There were also resurfacings of the ancient texts with regards to the diseases of the body, as well as on how to remove them. Galen, whose full treatment were also derived from the findings of Hippocrates, began as the source of ideas in the field of oncology. However, the causes of cancer still alluded most medical experts during this time, and there was no correlation between the hard and enlarged lumps in the armpits of patients and breast cancer. It was only known at that time that cancer was caused by secretions of toxins formed within the body that eventually causes death (ibid.). Only well-nigh the early 1700-1800

Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Management - Assignment ExampleCadbury has been operating(a) in India for over 60 years now. It started its operation by importing chocolates in 1948. Presently, the company boasts of a foodstuff sh be of above 70% which is the highest share of the brand across the globe. Cadburys billion vaulting horse brand Dairy Milk is referred in India as the gold standard in terms of chocolates. Cadbury was overly a pioneer in India for developing cocoa cultivation, since 1965. They have given a quality action to thousands of farmers through their continuous efforts to increase the production of cocoa. No wonder that a Cocoa tree in India is popular in the name of Cadbury tree (Cadbury, n.d.). It can be said that Cadbury is the synonym for chocolates in India and alike the brand loyalty of Cadbury in India is quite high. Thus, based on these important criterias, India has been preferred for the launch of a new brand of Cadbury (Doddamani, 2011). Situation Analysis PESTLE Analysi s Political Change in regulations and laws regarding global food labelling and trade are bound to affect Cadbury. Cadbury should be aware of the Food Safety snatch and should take care in not violating it. Cadbury should also be cautious and ensure that none of its manufacturing plants are breaking laws related to production such as employing minors or paying less engage compared to the stated amount in the Wages Act (Mullerschon, n.d.). Economical The economy in India is a rubbish quench at this point, thus, launching a new chocolate bar would be supported (Mullerschon, n.d.). The stable economic condition has increased the per capita income which signifies that the disposable income of the populace of the country is higher at present. High tramp in consumer spending and decrease in interest rates would help to encourage launching of a new brand (Mullerschon, n.d.). Increase in the population of middle income group would signify increasing demands. The damage of production in India would be low compared to other countries, thus, this would make market penetration easy for Cadbury. The market of chocolate in India is growing and there is immense scope to be exploited. The chocolate industry of India is a unique mix of attitudes, high consumption patterns, income levels, beliefs and spending. The country has high sales and many segments that are still uncovered (Doddamani, 2011). Social People nowadays have become quite health conscious and are trying to cut down on soft drinks, confectionaries and sweat meat because of high cholesterol and calorie. However, Cadbury has an bounds over this as their products are becoming substitutes of sweet meat and confectionaries. Cadbury enjoys strong customer loyalty and their mental picture is high regarding this company, thus, there is not any reason for the consumers to stop buying their products. The gift culture in India is growing, which will also enable to keep a sustained demand of Cadburys products (Mulle rschon, n.d.). Technological product is increasing because of machines with high technology and this enables the factories to produce in

Learning to Read and Write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning to Read and Write - Essay ExampleWhen the son do rapid progress, she proudly reported the fact to her husband, who berated her for her pains. She was not only breaking the law, she was doing something unsafe-for learning would sop up the boy unfit to be a slave, and unmanageable too. Mrs Auld followed her husbands orders-and soon became a new woman. Whereas she had earlier been steady-going and kind, she turned cruel and harsh. The sight of the slave with a book or a newspaper in his hand was hateful to her. She kept the closest vigil to monitor his suspicionable movements. Irresponsible power had deprave and changed her, through and through.Douglass records how he resorted to various stratagems to steal an education, with help from street-urchins and ship carpenters, and by surreptitious use of his boylike masters copybook, a Websters Spelling Book, and a powerful book of speeches and dialogues that he was lucky to lay hands on. The composition of his determined conq uest of his own illiteracy is amazing. No wonder he had to write it out for good deal to believe that he had really risen from the ashes of oppression, rather than from the rungs of opportunity.Alice Walkers Beauty When the Other Dancer is the Self tells the bosh of her finally coming to terms with what seemed to her a life-changing deformity. She remembers her life from around two and a half days till the age of eight as an idyllic period, when she knew she was both cute and sensible and had no surmise that she was the apple of her fathers nerve. Then, her elder brothers were given guns and pellets to play with and one of them accidentally fired the shot that left the inadequate girl one-eyed and physically scarred for ever, and mentally scarred and scared for almost two decades. When she learns to get wind at herself through the eyes of her own child, she sees a world unseen till then, and is free to dance once again with herself.After her accident, although things changed enormously for her, the physical change was not really scorecardd by those close to her, and therefore, they failed to notice the inner change in her. Years later, when she spoke of the change to them, they responded by asking, What do you mean Walker rephrases the question to herself, (and to her readers), What do I mean Others fail to understand her, and she fails to understand herself. It required some surgery to make her confident enough to look at other people again, and, when she did this, others looked at her, and she got a boy friend, popularity, the location of valedictorian and queen of her class. Then, the sight of a beautiful desert made her aware of the blessing of having at least(prenominal) one eye to see it with.Her child it was who finally liberated her. The three-year-old child became aware of her mothers face for the frontmost time in her life. She looked carefully and closely, taking the face in her dimpled palms with maternal gentleness. Walker dreaded the lyric poem that would follow, but what the child said must have filled her with an almost unbearable lightness of being. The childs lecture were, Mommy, theres a world in your eye. And then, gently, but with great interest Mommy, where did you get that world in your eyeWalker says that the pain left then. She could see her face as something that others could love and as something that she should love. It had taught her all she knew of

The most compelling problems facing youth in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

The most compelling problems facing youth in the 21st carbon EssayPreparing Americas children for the 21st century is among our most important field priorities. Todays children face the promise of a natural century of unparalleled opportunity in which new technologies, improvements in health, expanding economies, and other advances create the hope that their time to come will be the fulgidest of any generation in history. Yet, too many of them face obstacles that obscure that bright future, including poverty, violence, child abuse, limited educational opportunity, and unhealthy behaviors. The devastating economic, social, and human costs of these obstacles are indisputable. Addressing these challenges to their future and put in opportunities so that all children can reach their full potential. An essential component of this strategy is set about research to provide new knowledge of ways to improve their futures and to provide sound guidance for policy makers to assure th at efforts to help are likely to succeed.Numerous indicators of the puff up-being of our children and families paint a mixed plastic film of successes and shortcomings. Our national infant mortality rate is declining rapidly and is at a record low, but is unagitated higher than that of many other countries. Our childrens test scores in reading and science are alter but still trail those of several other industrialized nations. Our school dropout rate is unacceptably high, be over $250 billion each year in lost earnings and foregone taxes, as well as lost human potential. Our teenage pregnancy rate is declining slightly, but is still the highest in the veritable world.Our national vaccination coverage is the highest ever, but in many communities less than 50 percent of two-year-olds are adequately immunized. A similar picture of gains and unmet goals exists with respect to youth violence, child poverty, smoking, and other substance abuse. a good deal of the progress achieved i n these and other areas is the result of critical research efforts that have advanced our understanding of how children and youths ascend into healthy and productive individuals. Research has helped to inform policy decisions and program learning, track outcomes, and identify strategies that work and those that do not.The Federal investment in research has clearly paid dividends in terms of improved outcomes for children and a healthier and brighter outlook for the entire Nation. Despite such important achievements, much remains to be through Significant gapspersist in our understanding of how children grow up to be healthy, well-educated, and responsible members of society. Given the profoundly changing nature of our communities and Nation, strengthening the Federal research enterprise on child and adolescent development and expanding its role in shaping relevant policy are especially crucial to serving national goals.

The grand theatre leeds Essay Example for Free

The grand theatre leeds striveLinda as a child is precise excitable and active. She is dressed up (by her mother) in a precise feminine way, however, she was a real tom boy inside. She carried on in everyday keep things such(prenominal) as sitting down, as if she was a boy, legs wide open and crossed, as if unawargon of the fact she was telling her knickers to boys. On this scene when Linda is sticking up for him, they treat each other as the kindred sex, they are completely the same as far as they are concerned, and they are fullly mindless to the world around them. Another scene when they are together is the scene when rice paddy introduces Edie to Linda.They are all sat playing shooting with the guns. They are all super imaginative as they believe in that location are really shooting things. The three children are sat in the corner of downstage right, they are situate here so it makes them control smaller than they actually are because there is all the musculus quadriceps femoris around them compared to the tote up of space used when the adults are on the stage. Here the relationship surrounded by Linda and paddy field is at its strongest. Linda hits the target every time, whereas Mic reveal misses, he doesnt show that he is jealous though. She laughs like a boy here, she feels completely at ease with him.Linda-Nikki Davis Jones- demos the age of Linda very well here by shoeing the amount of concentration on her face when she is shooting, she is totally engrossed in her target. The relationship betwixt Mickey and Linda is very close at this age and Mickey is not afraid to show his affections towards Linda or his mum. He doesnt sound off about his affections though, they are what come naturally to him he loves to get excited and jump around. E. g. when Mickey caisson disease over Linda to get the gun off Eddie he leans on her, whereas soon when he is a adolescent he would never get as close to her as that without feeling embarrassed.T he way Linda laughs when she wins shows the lack of problems and tension they had in between the relationship at that age, she is laughing with happiness and such an open system line, she has zip on her mind. She has a lot of respect for Mickey still antithetic to the respect he has for his familiar, in the way that Linda laughs , flinging her head back as she does, she sees her self as equal to him, and would not get embarrasses in front of him. As teenagers Linda and Mickey are totally different. In the scene on the stile Linda is much to a greater extent psychological, she thinks about her movements and what reactions they might control on Mickey.She is very flirtatious whereas Mickey is the shyest we have seen him in the whole play. Linda is stood astride on the stile she is wearing her extremely short-circuit school skirt with her shirt buttons undone at the top. This outfit alone makes her look a lot older than she is (14) not because the actress is older but because h er body language too is very different to hers as a child. When she talks to Mickey she tends to move out front from the waist as she speaks, revealing the space between her bra and her shirt.She intends to flaunt this to Mickey and his reactions are the total opposite of Lindas body language. He looks away and has his body on an angle to hers. He is embarrassed at the position she puts him in. Linda lets her hair down she thinks that this will make her appear sexier. She is very impulsive here and doesnt be to get embarrassed at all. She is much to a greater extent sexually aware than Mickey and she thinks hes playing lowering to get but really, he just thinks shes weird. Mickeys center of attention contact is very flickery and he doesnt actually look her in the eye very often.Her eye contact is very intimidating, her whole body level is a lot higher than him (because she is stood on the stile) and therefore she is looking down on him, making him feel small, her eye contact is fixed though in his eyes. She speaks in a slow provocative component. When she deliberately gets stuck on the stile Mickey feels unsure what to do about this. She asks him for his admirer, she even says this sexily her knowing that he will feel self-conscious about being so close to a girl wearing such a short skirt. He walks over and helps her and she presses her body close to him.Her eyes are up to now intensely looking upon him, he is aware that she is trying to flirt with hi but he is unsure how to react to it. He doesnt smiling at all through this scene he tends to keep a straight face end-to-end but, making it obvious that something else is going on in his troubled mind. Linda and Mickey are almost at the end of the play, during the scene where Linda is trying to stop Mickey from taking his pills In this scene both actors portray their complete change in characters well. Mickey has lost all pride in him self, he git barely look at Linda.They argue, this is a complete s hock to the audience because you have seen them grown up from the age of 7 and yet you have never seen them argue. They have always stuck by each other. Linda is still behind Mickey but he is not the same anyto a greater extent. Since Mickey got out of prison he had to take anti-depressants. Mickey has lost a lot of things, as a child he lost his dad. That is not something which has been an issue in the rest of the play. AS a child he lost his twin, he does not know about this but it makes the audience feel for him as all his life he has lost thinks.He lost his job, this made him become very cynical about life and be annoyed with Eddie his blood brother, this was the start where everything went wring. He had been made to grow up too fast, he had need to, and he was annoyed with envy that Eddie was having such a good life. This showed tragic irony because if his mother had have given him away he would have been in Eddies position not leading the terrible life he was now. His brother Sammy was his idol right from the very beginning he looked up to him and loved him.He thought that Sammy was perfect from the beginning, but gradually, especially in the teenage section, he realised that Sammy was street- cred but was not who he wanted to be. Recently Mickey had been put under emotional blackmail from his brother he didnt want to grass his brother in to the police because his brother got himself into trouble trying to help him. He had that dilemma on his mind. The weights of these problems and losses on his mind were conveyed amazingly in the pills scene. Mickey was grisly he looked several years older than he actually was.He was stooped over at the shoulders and wore brown baggy jumpers, trying to hide him. He lacked confidence because of his poor stance. Before he would run tall and from the age of 17+ he was very open to Linda in a sexual way. without delay they were so different he barely looked at her because he knew that he had given up on his life and fel t ashamed that he had. When Linda was shouting at Mickey the tension felt was so intense because their body language was so private to themselves. This scene was the most emotional moment in the play for me because everything had gone wrong.You could see the frustration in Lindas face, she was frowning as she was shouting, she loved him and she had to watch her preserve making a mess of his life because of the drugs. The voice skills the actor used here were brilliant he talked in a monotone voice rather than Mickeys usual exciting voice. He also twitched which Mickey never did before this showed what the drugs had done to him. All of the facial expressions and vocal skills were very subtle yet effective. The relationships between Linda and Mickey changed throughout the play at the beginning they were extremely relaxed, fun, carefree, and full of life.AS teenagers they came to have more issues on their mind e. g. school life, one another, but they still kept the fun, and liveliness theyd had as a child. As young adults they had been forced to grow up as quickly as they did because they had to get conjoin because Linda was pregnant. Because they had been forced to grow up like they did, they were face with more problems. Mickeys facial expressions throughout the play were the key to the audience believing whatever age he was, as a child they were much more impulsive and cheeky, as an a teenager he often looked embarrassed, and as an adult he looked extremely miserable, and stress ridden.Mickey and Linda both played their ages perfectly throughout the play and this were showed through their detailed voice skills, movement, facial expressions, and characteristics which ran through each scene. Willy Russell wrote this musical in a very witty and intelligent way. I noticed that in the beginning of the play there was a lot of humour, especially in the scenes between Linda Eddie and Mickey. The humour was used in ways which would show Eddies up bringing to be very different to Linda and Mickeys.

Telecommunications sector Essay Example for Free

Telecommunications sector EssayBelize Telemedia Limited is the sore name of Belize Telecommunications Limited in Belize which was instituted in 1972 as the telecom authority. The Belizean telecom grocery store was formally and dictatorially reformed and became less strict in January 2003 however Belize Telecommunications still has the control in the telecommunication market (Mansell 56, 2007). With limited rivalry and unproductive regulatory control, it has pertinacious very expensive charges for its services. VoIP is the case study which reveals a controversy in the Belize telecommunication industry.Although the presidency and the regulatory body collaboratively confirmed to promote competition in the telecom sector, in reality BTL was successful in conspiring against VoIP to remove competition. However, BTL has to face competition in the supple sector where SpeedNet has successfully covered 18 percent of the market. At present, BTL prides on 335000 fixed landlines, 1300 00 cellular consumers and 8000 network customers. BTL has more than 475 expert and capable workers with 15 branch offices spread countrywide (Mansell 56, 2007).The aims and objectives of BTL is to develop, engineer and install proud tech network and technologies and to offer best communication services and facilities. The company is dedicated to increase its active wire line, mobile and meshwork services by getting on-stream a broad range of matchless, unexcelled services and facilities to the consumers. Additionally, its dynamic, quick and efficient network provides its consumers consistent, efficient, trusty and finest service accessed in the vicinity, all over the country, regionally and globally.BTL headquarters are in Belize City. It has 15 customer service centers installed countrywide. Telemedia is concentrated on increasing only than the national boundaries so that there is increase in investor value, development and promotion of new opportunities for workers and assis tance in the economic development, progress and increase of the nation of Belize. Telemedia offers septFone Service which is a fixed telephone line service. It provides one-third latest and reasonably priced plans to residential customers.These plans offer distinctive alternatives which includes limitless night and weekend minutes, unlimited, unrestrained monthly usage, etc. Each package offer services such as party id, voxmail, 24 hours hit to Operator, telephone directory, etc. Telemedias tuner service offers its consumers the basic telephone service (Calabrese 225, 2007). The consumer can proceeds other suitable features that will improve communication requirement for residential or commercial purpose. It offers the users to notice calls locally, countrywide and globally.Econo-Phone is another service which gives full access to Telemedia prepay telephone service at affordable rates. The user can keep an eye on the amount of time he or she spends on the phone and can mak e calls all over the world. Econo-Phone works as a prepaid cellular phone. The user can also enjoy facilities such as voice mail notifications, caller id, net services, etc. DigiCell is cellular service that uses GSM. It is operational at GSM 1900 and offers advanced, improved superiority, improved voice clearness and large safety measures (Calabrese 225, 2007).It is considered to be Belizes most upliftedly developed and ground-breaking mobile service. It offers increased collection of voice and multimedia services. DigiCell encrypts all voice and data, thus making it more secure. DigiCell also offers innovative solutions for business and residential consumers by means of DigiCell Prepaid services. It offers short message service, data and international roaming service, call hold, call waiting, caller id, voicemail, etc. Telemedias Once Card can be used to avail all the Prepaid Services that are offered.When the consumer buys a Prepaid card, e-PIN or Fone TopUp, he or she is no l onger requires to discern between regular or DigiCell prepaid card. Further, this card can be used as a recharge or calling card. Fone TopUp is electronic recharge arrangement that permits representatives and distributors to supply electronic pins or at present top up a prepaid number with any value. Belize Telemedia Limited has successfully increased its wireless coverage comprehensive, covering most of the rural communities in Belize by deploying Nortel wireless technology (Cronin 29, 2007).This technology has all in all replaced the old Belize Telemedia existing GSM structure given by Nortel competitor as well deploy a new CDMA 450 MHz network to hold up Telemedias emergent subscriber demand in Belize and the requirement for more superior, high-tech products and facilities countrywide. .Telemedias existing wireless setup has been improved and enhanced to Nortel GSM GPRS/ abut 850/1900 MHz wireless network which offers superior network coverage and connectivity for the consumer s.In addition, the operator has shewed a all new network laid on Nortel CDMA xRTT and 1xEV-DO technologies in the 450 MHz range, to expand services and assist to varnish the means of communication space in rural society (Cronin 29, 2007). According to Dean Boyce who is the chairperson of the decision maker committee at Belize Telemedia, the Nortel technologies has successfully enhanced the reputation of Belize Telemedia and also given wide-ranging services which has arm Telemedias network.The execution of CDMA/EVDO platform and the utilization of 450 MHz frequency have successfully provided voice and high speed internet services to consumers present in rural areas which has accelerated Belize economy. Belize Telemedias network make discover and improvement also includes Nortel all-IP products such as Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture, Mobile Switching Center and Home Location Register, allowing operators to back up numerous services and applications on the un changed, consistent platform.The Belize government welcomed the 2004 sale of the nationwide telephone corporate to a U.S-Caribbean organization as a moment of guarantee and affiliation. The main highlight was the $90 million deal (Fox 103, 2007). However, the agreement was tattered and became a story of officially permitted and oral showdown.The clash started when Musa management took full authority of Belize Telecommunication Ltd from Prosser and his company after the failure to pay $57 million to the government for the phone company. Prosser filed a case in which he demanded the court to give out a command that would invalidate the boardroom origin and put him back in charge.Prossers attorney was Lanny Davis who criticized the Belize government by calling it lawless after the assembly approved a law allowing the occupation of specified telephone company shares after Prossers non-payment. In the initial stages of the case, U. S District attempt Ursula Ungaro-Benages instructed Belize to invalidate its conflict against ICC, and then hit the government with a disrespect, scorn allegation for refusal to comply, signifying that Belize authorities gave the motion picture to want to be hit over the head by a 2-by-4.UngaroBenages passed the verdict which favored the Belize government. The relaxation of the telecommunication market at various phases, from Guatemala to Costa Rica remains government have. Costa Ricas fixed-line tele-density is the highest in South America while that in Guatemala is 40 percent less than the complete South American average, which shows that fixed line privatization and competition are no assurance of the development there. The study reveals that low fixed line tele-density causes leapfrogged unswervingly into mobile communications.Mobile competition is intense and diffusion is far away that would be anticipated bearing in mind their other macroeconomic pointers (Fox 103, 2007). Belize is the only exemption since it has national ow ned mobile company. Broadband services also vary greatly among these seven countries. Efforts are being make to liberalize Belizes telecommunication market. Belize stands out from its neighboring countries as a financial leader, having already commenced the internet trend that would hit its neighbors in the entire South American Region.The interests of foreign companies to chase the liberalization of the Belize telecommunication market set up in the country and use that country as a launch pad to launch its rising information technology business throughout the area. The initiation of foreign competitors in the Belize telecommunication market needs a legitimate alteration and adjustment to suspend the current government utility companys domination in the market.

Feudalism and Manorialism Essay Example for Free

Feudalism and Manorialism EssayFeudalism and manorialism were in truth linked. They go together step by step in the Middle Ages. Feudalism concerned the rights, power, and lifestyle of the military elite manorialism involved the service and obligations of the tyke phratryes.Word feudalism was invented in the 17 vitamin C by Montesquieu and popularized it in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). In the late eighteenth century people said that feudalism is the privileges of the aristocratic nobility, privileges that provoked the wrath of the bourgeoisie ((McKay, A memoir of Western Society 259). Later Karl Marx adopted it to other meaning. He thought that feudalism was precapitalistic society. Now people think that feudalism was social and governmental system held together by bonds of kingship, homage, and fealty and by grants of benefits lands or estates given by king, lay lord, or ecclesiastical officer (bishop or abbot) to another member of the nobility or to a knight. (McKay , A History of Western Society 270.) However it arent all meanings of feudalism. Bloch thought that it is a whole system of life revolve about on lordship. Feudalism was a military society. Men dominated in it. However women was not so signifi green goddesst.Feudalism had military society. Manorialism involved the service and obligation of the peasant classes. The economic power of the warring class rested on landed estates, which were worked by peasants (McKay, A History of Western Society 261). Here we can say that feudalism and manorialism is connected to each other. Nothing in our world is made for nothing. People motive something to return for their service. In manorialism was the same. Peasants needed protection, and lords asked them to surrender themselves and their lands to the lords jurisdiction.Peasants were ties to the land by various kinds of payments and service, despite of freedom of land. The peasant had to pay fee to marry someone from outside. They had to give per cent of their crop to the lords. They also paid fine. curtly peasants became part of lords possession. Of course the transition from freedom to serfdom was slow and its speed was closely related to the political life in a given part of country.Hence feudalism and manorialism were inextricably linked.

Marketing and Different Vendors Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Different Vendors EssayHaving multi-vendor partnerships has its advantages and disadvantages. In the long run, domiciliateing much(prenominal) a partnership would be difficult to maintain. Here are some of the concerns * Change Hardware and software program requires constant upgrades to keep up with the technology changes. Changes in systems from multiple vendors can cause integration problems and requires a rigid process of testing and configuration. * Knowledge IT staff must be well-trained in all(prenominal) the systems of the multi-vendor environment.Without a good IT support, the harder it is to find the source of the problem, and the longer it takes for them to resolve it. * Communication In-house IT staff may have all the knowledge on the systems in the multi-vendor environment, but sometimes support from the vendors is required. In such cases, a support engineer is required to communicate with other support engineer, and it would be easier if it is done within the agreement, but this is non usually the case. . Focusing IT on top line requires bringing in revenue for the company by increasing sales, whereas focusing IT on the tail line requires bringing the cost down by trim down on operating cost. Focusing IT on the top line is more challenging because IT is not suitable to control who and when someone will actually buy the products and services.On the other hand, focusing IT on the bottom line can be predictable as there are sets of parameters within he organization that can be controlled, for example, reducing the number of employees. 3. Some ways for IT to bring in revenue is by increasing the number of customers and retaining customers. To increase the number of customers, IT systems such as online marketing tools can help to mystify sales leads and increase customer awareness by sending out emails or direct mailers to capableness customers. Such tools can help in segmenting customer profiles and evaluate the performanc e of the marketing campaign.

Breakdown the misconception of toys Essay Example for Free

disruption the misconception of toys EssayIs toy world totally belongs to boy and girl world? Adults probably have their proclaim toys but they are just borrowing from the world which is not belongs to them. The only connoisseurs of toy are children? Toys is both object that can be use to play. And it is majority associated with kids. Toys play a very important office in our growing stage and it related to everyones childhood memories. However when we grow up, we have to draw a line towards toys, because toy represent childish inside the world of an adult. We shouldnt let peoples point of views stopping us from playing toys. Whatever age we are, inside our heart toys will always be a detonate of us.According to the book written by Woodrow Phoenix (2006), the power of toys is not ab step up a come about or a childish behaviour. It is the recognition of possibility. Toys are not childish, toys are symbols that have a nonliteral power to express thoughts and emotions that ma y have their origins in childhood. We can know parts of ourselves, our secret, our wish, our desire in toys world. A toy can touch our inner part, which is our unexpressed and dreaming self.Toy assimilates and act out secrets, wishes, and desires, it becomes an extremely important part of the owner, toy holds of a relation with owner and gives an extraordinary personal own to the owner. Toy has built a memory palace in our heart. We can see this clearly in the attachment of people with their toys. As companions on the worked up voyage from childhood to adulthood, toys have for their owner an emotional value that is far greater than anything. This prove that toys hold a very important place in everyone childhood, therefore we should breakdown the misconceptions about toys, and let our inner child run wild again.

Education Role in the United States Essay Example for Free

Education character reference in the United States EssayThrough out the history of our nation, education has played an important subprogram in the United States. Republican and Democrats can both agree that education is absolute necessary in out country. Recently, the federal government has take control over the states duties.The education system was first suffice out for the states responsibility but the federal government has taken over.so, with educaiton being the one of the polices in the agenda, george bush-league passes the No Child Left Behind act. This law was put into affect to make sure that all students are finding sucess in school. while, this act has a intantion the act had fail and has actually caused harm than good.

Egocentricity of Pechorin vs Jason Essay Example for Free

Egocentricity of Pechorin vs Jason EssayIn this essay I will canvass the egocentricity of the characters of Pechorin from the Russian novel, A Hero of Our Time by Lermontov, and Jason from the Greek Tragedy Medea, written by Euripides. I have selected the topic of egocentricity or self-absorption for it is prevalent in both works in respect to Pechorin and Jason where they figure little if any regard for anyone nevertheless themselves throughout the works. However the prison term differences and social and cultural conditions of the time and place the works were written must(prenominal) be taken into consideration. I looking that the theme of masterful selfishness and the consequences that follow is strongest in respect to Jason and Pechorin and I will compare and provide evidence for such an assertion in both works.I will start by analysing Jasons utterly selfish behaviour throughout the Ancient Greek play Medea, written by Euripides. Jason is a completely egocentric ch aracter nevertheless he doesnt have as oftentimes depth or complexity as Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time which is partly due to when this play was written in ancient Greece. Society was truly different people were devouted Pagans and lived in a world of superstition. Also literature was no way secure as advanced however Medea still contains the fundamentals such as psychology. Jason is motivated solely by self-interest, his besides motivation to court Medea in the play is the fact that she has mystical powers to nonplus him what he wants the well-off Fleece, for which he will get a generous reward in return. Jason plain allows Medea to kill her h over-the-hill brother out of lust and be banished from her homeland forever by her father as a consequence.Unfortunately Jason is to self-involved to even comprehend how his Actions would affect Medea and their children. Again we see further evidence of Jasons egocentricity when he divorces Medea and abandons his kids for Glauce, pr incess of Corinth. He doesnt consider the affect on Medea and their children for he is blinded by his selfishness, he doesnt even idea that they are going to get banished as long as he increases his political and social status. His only defence is that he will one day be king and they will inherit the kingdom, which has no validity for he has already betrayed her trust and showed no menage of guilt and is just trying to free himself. Even the nurse says that his marriage is for social status not write out, Jason has betrayed his own sons, and my mistress, for royal bed.i Unfortunately we dont get to see Jasons interaction with friends in this play, which I would guess to be very short sighted and school as usual. Jason seems to have an extreme lack of morals when it comes to his own actions such as abandoning his wife and kids exactly for political gain.Also his motivation for this immoral action was money and political power not love for Glauce, which is immoral. The final sim ilarity between the two characters is regret. Jason ends up in deep regret for his action for the core is the death of his parvenue wife Glauce and his children as well as his almost social castration as a result. He learns that egocentricity leads to self-destruction for you lose sight of other peoples feeling and dont take them into consideration. Where Jasons Character differs from Pechorin is in respect to his sensation place in the work and his inability to except his faults. Jasons only real sign of emotion throughout the play is the within respect to the murder of his children.What? Killed my sons? That word kills me.ii This shows the pain he must have felt inside with this loss. Jason to a fault seems to have an inability to admit his faults. He is blinded by his self-involvement, which is evidence of insecurity for living in your own world protects your from reality. Finally I feel that Jasons type in the play is more of a villain, which could be because the play is main ly Medeas view. A template of how not to get caught up in shallow insecurities, where as Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time is represent as more of a modern Hero where he has faults which make him easier to relate to and a lots more believable character.Pechorin is also a portrayed with an immoral and selfish attitude in the Novel, A Hero of Our time. Yet Pechorin is given a lot more human characteristics and is described in much more detail with points probing on the physiological aspects even though its just pre-Freud. It was written 2332 age after Medea from a different culture and is a much larger work and so is outflow to be different in style. Pechorin is definitely as selfish as Jason is, if not more so. He uses all his so-called romantic relationships to gain control and domination over the hearts of young women. first of all with Bela he trades her for a Horse he stole.How immoral is firstly stealing and then trading a women as an object? Because of this her father is kill ed and her brother rides off so shes left with literally nothing. He concisely got bored of her and barely felt anythin at her death. Later on in his relationship with Princess Mary he is similarly selfish. He wants Princess Mary for shes in high demand as wee as a challenge and he feels the need to win her, in part of this was due to his old friend Grusnitski who also desired Mary. Pechorin saw this as a challenge and didnt even consider the effect it would have on Mary and Grusninski and didnt really care for hes caught up in his own world. He even sets out to repose Grusnitskis reputation and ends up killing him.He is also very immoral in respect to the intervention of friends such as Maxim Maxyvich. He is disrespectful towards Maxim for he feels that he is now old and useless to him, which is shown at their unexpected reunion where Pechorin is very selfish and immoral. Pechorin also experiences regret like Jason in Medea, but his regret builds up and turns into bitinglyness. Passions are merely ideas in their initial stage. They are the property of youth, and anyone who expects to feel their thrill throughout life is a fool.iii Pechorin has not been able to find true passion or love throughout his life. He has quickly got bored of every relationship he has been in and is bitter to the fact that true love has never found him. Evidence that he could once feel emotion would lie in when he felt joy in the memory of the sulphur springs.Now this has forced him to become callus and use everyone to hide from his empty heart. However Pechorin does admit he has faults, Ambition has been dispirited in me by circumstances, but it comes out in another way, for ambition is nothing more than a lust for power and my chief delight is to dominate those around me.iv But doesnt justify them or even try to change. I believe his self-analysis is shallow and this ties in to his duality as a person, which prevents him from expressing emotion. For a long time now Ive lived b y intellect, not feeling. I weigh and analyse my emotions and actions with close interest, but complete detachment. There are two men within me one lives in the full esthesis if the word and the other reflects and judges him.v Finally I feel that Pechorin is portrayed more as the new Hero of our Time.vi Who isnt old fashioned but strong and unconventional with human faults that we can relate to therefore hes definitely the protagonist of the novel and an affective character.

The success of Aldi Essay Example for Free

The success of Aldi EssayExecutive summaryThis report presents the current situation of UK supermarket especi eithery Aldi by the PESTLE analysis, and the economic, social and technological argon the main factors adjoin the causeance of supermarkets nowadays. For instance the unemployment rate, technology apply and current write out. in that location is also a case study on Aldi, explaining the strategies used by Aldi, trim protrude exist to achieve its goal of providing both value and quality to the customers. Lastly, the report also distinguish that Aldi is applying the clear-sighted goal exercise, as Aldi has a clear goal and emphasis on the faculty, and how the systematic working order of Aldi helps itself to reach the success. 1.0 IntroductionIn recent years, the whole UK grocery market are stretching continuously, or so 4% bigger than a years ago(Supermarkets in the UK Market Research, 2013). Aldi is one of the British big cardinal supermarkets in UK. It was s tarted in 1913 as a family grocery wrinkle in Essen. In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht and Theo Albrecht took over the business from their mother. Aldi is a supermarket flaunts low harms as its name Albrecht-Discount, and the mission statement of Aldi isIncredible value everyday. There are 512 stores in the UK, and over 7,600 worldwide. Aldi has increased its sales 32.7% year for the 12 weeks before September fifteenth (The Grocer, 24th September 2013).In this report, were going to use the PESTLE analysis to study the factors affecting the UK supermarket industry and especially Aldi, the approaches used by Aldi to gain the competitive advantage and the model of management of Aldis approach and discuss how the culture supports its strategies and lead to the success.2.0 PESTLE AnalysisPESTLE Analysis is a gumshoe for people to understand the industry situation,PESTLE stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors. In the following, we l eave behind focus on the economic, social and technological factors( Boddy, D. and Paton, S.,2002).2.1 Economic factorsIn 2013, UK is on the path of recovery. It is expected in the second one-half of 2014, the economy of UK will exceed the peak in 2008. It also says that the UKs GDP is now set to perplex by 2.7% in 2014, an upgrade from a previous prediction of 2.2% as per data by BBC (British chamber of Commerce) (Kern, 2013). Also, The European Central Bank has cut its inflation forecast for 2014, from 1.3 per cent to 1.1per cent (Yaker, 2013). For the unemployment rate, it stands at 7.4% down 0.3% on the quarter and 0.5% down over the year. The number of people engaged was 250,000 higher(prenominal)er(prenominal) this quarter and 485,000 higher than last year (HRM Guide, 2013).All the above changes and prediction of the economy are the considerations of Aldi, as they will affect the costs, demand, supply and finally the profit of supermarkets. Especially the unemployment rat e, as people will have less drop dead fitting income when they have no jobs, they would then lower the demand on some leisure goods, for instance the snacks. In case of Aldi, as Aldi is aim at providing a cheaper price compare with its competitors, therefore the sale of Aldi will rise on the country as the unemployed will consider more on the price when they are in limited budget.2.2 Social factorsThe British are more concern about respectable in recent years, there are concerns on organic food. People may rather subscribe to an organic product with a higher price than an artificial stuff with lower price. And Aldi did catch on this trend and establish a product line called Fit and Active and organic toddler products to edge the recent get hold ofs of customers.There is also demographic problem of aging population in UK, prima(p) to a paucity of labour in the supermarket as some low level work in supermarket require physical power and the elderly are not suitable for these. Aldi also focus on corporate social responsibility, they cooperate with many charities, for example, in 2011 Barnardos was Aldis charity of the year (The generation 100, 2013).2.3 Technological factorsTechnology used by supermarkets will highly influence the efficiency of a supermarket. or so of the work in the supermarket are more or less the same and carry through daily, for example merchant vessels of goods, storage, distribution system, packaging, etc. Much time can be saved if technology are demonstrable for this simple but repeating tasks.For Aldi, their stores use the technologies like, intelligent scale, Wireless devices, Electronic shelf labeling, Radio absolute frequency Identification(RFID), and self-check-out machine (Gill, 2013). RFID technology is used to protect the warehouses, through the system, only people with the RFID tag will be allowed to go into the warehouses.3.0 Strategies of AldiAll the customers want a product in the lowest price whilst possessing th e highest quality. Aldi understand what customers need and offer them quality products at competitive prices. In some cases Aldis product are 30% cheaper than those offered by its competitors (The Time 100, 2013).According to the article(Competitive advantage through efficiency), The Time 100, the strategy used by Aldi is cost leadership strategy. This is an approach that the business eager to provide the lowest price among the market and this is achieved by cutting the cost without affecting the quality of goods which means it antagonizes with the competitors by price.Aldi is mainly based on the lean cerebration principle to operate the business. The rule of lean production is getting more from less. In other words, utilise least resources to provide the largest amount of goods and services.Firstly, the time based management of Aldi. This is an approach aim at smear the time the used in managing the business. In the supply chain,Aldi will minimize the cost and time of saving b y getting most of the resources(fruit and vegetables) locally. Also, the approach is also implicated to the staffs of Aldi. The staffs of Aldi are trained to do var. of works, the multi-skilled staffs are able to lower the cost on employment of Aldi as they are able to perform different tasks. Different from the competitors, the opening hour of Aldi is regularly 8am to 8pm from Monday to Saturday and 10am to 4pm on Sunday, but not open for 24hours. This litigate is able to cut the cost of Aldi, as expenditure on light, wages, etc also need to be spend during the wee hours and the sale on those hours must be less than the day time.Secondly, the just-in-time approach applies on inventory storage mentioned in the article. Aldi only holds the stock that it needs. As the expenditure of warehouses is high and therefore the cost on renting a warehouse and staffs on managing of the warehouse can be saved. In addition, Aldis products are delivered in display ready cases. equal on managin g the products can also be reduced.Aldi pays much causal agency on reducing costs and eliminating waste, applies the principle of lean thinking in every minutiae. Aldi is fully achieved its warmness purpose Provide value and quality to our customers by being fair and efficient in all we do. All Aldi have done is able to reduce the cost and turn out offer a lower price than its competitors, gain the reputation from customers.4.0 Model of management of AldiThe rational goal model is the best model of management to represent Aldis management approach. This is an approach about an organization increase its own capability to reach the goal.There is a clear direction of operating Aldi, offering the quick-witted price to the customers. And Aldi has carry out a lot of practices in order to minimize the cost on operating the supermarket. There are different approaches throughout the whole process, from supply, delivery, grounding to packing.Every staff of Aldi is employed carefully, the y should have enough capability to handle any task and duties of the day, they are trained to follow delimit procedures. They are a group of flexible workforce to Aldi. The staffs of Aldi also receive a relatively high salary compare with other supermarkets and variety type of jobs enable employees to have high incentive to work. away from the skilled staffs, the measures of Aldi also bring itself to an upper level. These factors make Aldi processes in a high level of efficiency and productivity.The culture of Aldi is carrying out the scientific management. There are systematic working methods throughout every process as discussed above. Also, the business decisions are all made by the managers of Aldi, the employees only need to follow the outlined procedures. There are a clear hierarchy among the employees. The employees have low-involvement employment relationship. This culture of Aldi can rationalize the time of decision making as the decisions are only made by managers. In a ddition, there will lead to a quick reaction to the society changes for example the organic products cooperate to the wellness trend nowadays.5.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, the performance of a supermarket can be influenced by many factors, and most of the factors cannot be anticipated especially the economic factors, for instance the unemployment rate and inflation rate. For the social factors, the recent trend will affect the products sold by supermarket, for example the organic line of Aldi. And the technological factors, technology is able to improve the efficiency of the supermarket as most of the tasks in a supermarket are simple and repeating. The strategies used by Aldi are eliminating waste to reduce the cost of production in order to offer the lowest price to the customers. For example the approaches used in the supply chain, staffs and the opening hours. All of these help Aldi to achieve its goal. Next, Aldi is operating in rational goal model as Aldi has a clear goal, emph asis on the productivity and efficiency. In addition, the culture of Aldi, systematic working methods is helping Aldi to further achieve its strategies.Reference list1. Boddy, D. and Paton, S.(2002) Management an Introduction. fifth edn. Harlow Pearson Education Limited 2002, 20112. Barnat, R. (no date) Strategic Management Formulation and Implementation Available at http//www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en125 (Accessed 16 January 2014) 3. Cost Leadership Strategy (no date)Available at http//www.ecofine.com/strategy/cost%20leadership.htm (Accessed 16 Jaunary 2014)4. UK Unemployment (no date)Available at http//www.hrmguide.co.uk/jobmarket/unemployment.htm (Accessed 15 January 2014)5. Competitive advantage through efficiency (2013)Available at www.thetimes100.co.uk (Accessed 8 Jaunary 2014) 6. Prescott, R. (2013) The top 9 UK supermarkets in 2013Available at http//www.foodbev.com/news/the-top-9-uk-supermarkets.UuBk9XmJMUt (Accessed 12 January 2014)7. Supermarkets in the UK Market Rese arch (2013)Available at http//www.ibisworld.co.uk/market-research/supermarkets.html (Accessed 12 January 2014)8. Vizard, S. (2014) Sainsburys Christmas marketing buzz fails to translate into sales Available at http//www.marketingweek.co.uk(Accessed 11 January 2014)9. Gough, R. (2013) INTO UEA Diploma phone line Lecture Notes, Autumn 2013 10. Aldi Homepage (no date)Available at https//www.aldi.co.uk (Accessed 3 January 2014)

Investment Avenues in India Essay Example for Free

Investment Avenues in India EssayABSTRACTEach gradeiture alternative has its own strengths and weaknesses. several(prenominal) options seek to achieve victor proceedss (like discountdour), scarcely with corresponding higher gamble. Other leave al integrity safety (like PPF) but at the expense of fluidity and growth. Other options much(prenominal) as FDs maintain safety and liquidity, but at the cost of return. usual cash seek to combine the advant whiles of investing in arch of these alternatives while dispensing with the shortcomings.Indian neckcloth grocery is semi- cost-efficient by nature and, is considered as bingle(a) of the most respected var. markets, where instruction is quick and widely disseminated, in that locationby eachowing each securitys price to adjust rapidly in an unbiased manner to newfound information so that, it reflects the ne best investiture value. And of importly later the introduction of electronic calling system, the infor mation flow has be allow it on much faster. But some periods, in developing countries like India, sentiments play major contribution in price movements, or say, fluctuations, where investors find it difficult to predict the future with certainty. Some of the events affect preservation as a whole, while some events atomic fare 18 celestial sphere specific.Even in superstar peculiar(a) sector, some companies or major market player atomic outlet 18 more sensitive to the event. So, the new investors victorious exposure in the market should be well aware about the maximum capableness loss, i.e. range at risk.It would be good to diversify ones portfolio to include candour shared cash in hand and stocks. The derive of variegation are that while risk exposure from a particular plus whitethorn non be very high, it would as well give the opportunity of participating in the party in the legality markets- which whitethorn pay just begun- in a relatively safe manner(than i nvesting directly into stock markets). usual monetary ancestrys are one of the best options for investors to choose from. It must be completed that the performance of dissimilar monetary lineages varies time to time. Evaluation of a fund performance is meaningful when a fund has inlet to an array of investment products in market. An investor can choose from a word form of funds to suit his risk tolerance, investment horizon and objective.Direct investment in equity offers capital growth but at high risk and without the benefit of diversification by professional overseement offered by rough-cut funds.INTRODUCTION prudences form an alpha part of the delivery of any nation. With the savings invested in heterogeneous options available to the people, the notes acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents a plethora of avenues to the investors. though certainly not the best or deepest of markets in the world, it has reasonable options fo r an ordinary man to invest his savings. Banks are considered as the safest of all options, banks consent been the roots of the financial systems in India. Promoted as the performer to social development, banks in India claim indeed played an important role in the rural upliftment. For an ordinary mortal though, they have acted as the safest investment avenue wherein a person pay backs notes and earns interest on it.The two main modes of investment in banks, savings accounts and fixed deposits have been effectively used by one and all.However, forthwith the interest rate structure in the country is headed southwards, keeping in line with global trends. With the banks whirl little above 9 percent in their fixed deposits for one year, the yields have come depressed substantially in recent times. Add to this, the inflationary pressures in economy and one has a locate where the savings are not earning. The inflation is creeping up, to almost 8 percent at times, and this means that the value of money saved goes down instead of going up. This effectively mars any retrieve of gaining from the investments in banks. Just like banks, post offices in India have a wide network. Spread crosswise the nation, they offer financial assistance as well as serving the basic requirements of communication. Among all saving options, Post office schemes have been offering the highest rates.Added to it is the fact that the investments are safe with the department being a Government of India entity. So, the two basic and most sought after features, such as return safety and quantum of returns was being handsomely taken care of. Though certainly not the most efficient systems in bourns of service standards and liquidity, these have still supervised to attract the attention of broken, retail investors. However, with the government announcing its intention of neglect back the interest rates in small savings options, this avenue is expected to lose some of the investors.P ublic prospicient inventorys act as options to save for the post retirement period for most people and have been considered good option largely due to the fact that returns were higher than most different options and too helped people gain from impose benefits under various sections. This option too is belike to lose some of its glimmer on account of reduction in the rates offered. Another often-used route to invest has been the fixed deposit schemes floated by companies. Companies have used fixed deposit schemes as a means of mobilizing funds for their trading operations and have paid interest on them.The safer a company is rated, the lesser the return offered has been the thumb rule. However, there are several potential roadblocks in these. First of all, the danger of financial position of the company not being understood by the investor lurks. The investors rely on intermediaries who more often than not, dont reveal the entire truth. Secondly, liquidity is a major problem with the tally being received months after the due dates. Premature salvation is primarily not entertained without cuts in the returns offered and though they present a reasonable option to buffet interest rate risk (especially when the economy is headed for a low interest regime), the safety of principal amount has been found lacking. Many cases like the Kuber Group and DCM Group fiascoes have resulted in low confidence in this option. The options discussed above are basically for the risk-averse, people who think of safety and and so quantum of return, in that order.For the brave, it is dabbling in the stock market.Stock markets furnish an option to invest in a high risk, high return game. While the potential return is much more than 10-11 percent any of the options discussed above can generally generate, the risk is undoubtedly of the highest order. But then, the general principle of encountering greater risks and uncertainty when one seeks higher returns holds true. How ever, as enticing as it might appear, people generally are clueless as to how the stock market functions and in the demonstrate can endanger the hard-earned money.For those who are not adept at understanding the stock market, the task of generating superior returns at similar levels of risk is arduous to say the least. This is where Mutual investment trusts come into picture.Mutual Funds are essentially investment vehicles where people with similar investment objective come together to pool their money and then invest accordingly.Each unit of any scheme represents the rest of pool owned by the unit holder (investor). Appreciation or reduction in value of investments is reflected in net asset value (NAV) of the concerned scheme, which is declared by the fund from time to time. Mutual fund schemes are managed by respective Asset Management Companies (AMC). Different rail line groups/ financial institutions/ banks have sponsored these AMCs, either alone or in collaboration with repu ted international firms.Several international funds like eitheriance and Templeton are also in operation(p) independently in India. Many more international Mutual Fund giants are expected to come into Indian markets in the near future.Investment alternatives in India * Non marketable financial assets These are such financial assets which gives moderately high return but can not be traded in market.* Bank Deposits * Post piazza Schemes* Company FDs * PPF * fairness shares These are shares of company and can be traded in secondary market. Investors get benefit by change in price of share and dividend give by companies. comeliness shares represent bequeath power capital. As an equity shareholder, a person has an self-control stake in the company. This essentially means that the person has a residual interest in income and wealth of the company. These can be categorize into pastime all-embracing categories as per stock market* Blue chip shares * Growth shares* Income shares* Cyclic shares* Speculative shares * Bonds Bonds are the instruments that are considered as a relatively safer investment avenues.* G sec bonds * GOI relief funds* Govt. agency funds* PSU Bonds* RBI BOND* Debenture of confidential sector co. * Money market instrument By convention, the term money market refers to the market for short-term requirement and deployment of funds. Money market instruments are those instruments, which have a due date period of less than one year.* T-Bills * Certificate of Deposit* Commercial Paper * Mutual Funds- A mutual fund is a trust that pools together the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The fund private instructor invests this pool of money in securities, ranging from shares, debentures to money market instruments or in a mixture of equity and debt, depending upon the objective of the scheme. The different types of schemes are* Balanced Funds * list Funds* arena Fund * loveliness Oriented Funds * Life amends Now-a-days vitality insurance is also being considered as an investment avenue. Insurance premiums represent the sacrifice and the assured sum the benefit. chthonic it different schemes are* Endowment assurance policy * Money back policy* Whole life policy * Term assurance policy * Real estate One of the most important assets in portfolio of investors is a residential house. In addition to a residential house, the more affluent investors are likely to be interested in the following types of in truth estate* Agricultural land * Semi urban land* Farm House * Precious objects Investors can also invest in the objects which have value. These comprises of* aureate * Silver * Precious stones * Art objects * Financial Derivatives These are such instruments which derive their value from some other underlying assets. It may be viewed as a side bet on the asset. The most important financial derivatives from the point of view of investors are* Options * FuturesDirect equity vs. mutual fund s1) Equity share/Direct investment 2) Mutual funds, a brief introduction3) Equity Fund 4) Difference between direct equity and mutual fundEquity share/Direct investmentEquity shares These are shares of company and can be traded in secondary market. Investors get benefit by change in price of share or dividend given by companies. Equity shares represent ownership capital. As an equity shareholder, a person has an ownership stake in the company. This essentially means that the person has a residual interest in income and wealth of the company. These can be classified into following broad categories as per stock market* Blue chip shares- Shares of large, well established, financially robust companies with an impressive record of earnings and dividends.* Growth shares-Shares of companies that have fairly entrenched positions in a growth market and which enjoy an above average rate of growth as well as profitability.* Income shares-Share of companies that have fairly stable operations, relative limited growth opportunities, and high dividend payout ratios.* Cyclic shares Share of companies that have a pronounced cyclicality in their operations.* Defensive shares- Shares of companies that are relatively unaffected by the ups and downs in general business conditions.* Speculative shares- Shares of companies that tend to fluctuate widely because there is a lot of speculative trading in them.Mutual Funds A brief introductionA Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is invested by the fund music director in different types of securities depending upon the objective of the scheme. These could range from shares to debentures to money market instruments.The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized by the schemes are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investmen t for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed portfolio at a relatively low cost. The small savings of all the investors are put together to increase the debauching power and hire a professional manager to invest and monitor the money. Anybody with an investible surplus of as little as a hardly a(prenominal) thousand rupees can invest in Mutual Funds. Each Mutual Fund scheme has a defined investment objective and strategy.INCEPTION OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN INDIAThe history of mutual funds in India can be divided into 5 important descriptors1963-1987The Unit Trust of India was the sole player in the attention. Created by an Act of Parliament in 1963, UTI launched its commencement exercise product, the Unit Scheme 1964, which is even today the individual(a) largest mutual fund scheme. UTI created a number of products such as monthly income plans, children plans, equity-oriented schemes and off shore funds during this period.UTI man aged assets of Rs.6,700 crores at the end of this phase.1987-1993In 1987 public sector banks and financial institutions entered the mutual fund intentness. SBI mutual fund was the first non- UTI fund to be set up in 1987. Significant shift of investors from deposits to mutual fund industry happened during this period. Most funds were growth-oriented closed-ended funds. By the end of this period, assets under UTIs management grew to Rs.38,247 crores and public sector funds managed Rs.8,750 crores.1993-1996In 1993, the mutual fund industry was open to private sector players, both Indian and foreign. SEBIs first set of regulations for the industry were formulated in 1993, and substantially revised in 1996.Signifficant innovations in servicing, product design and information revelation happened in this phase, mostly initiated by private players.1996-1999The implementation of the new SEBI regulations and the restructuring of the mutual fund industry light-emitting diode to rapid asset growth.Bank mutual funds were recast according to the SEBI recommended structure, and the UTI came under voluntary SEBI supervision.1999-2002This phase was marked by the rapid growth in the industry, and significant increase in market shares of private sector players. Assets crossed Rs.1,00,000 crore .The tax break offered to mutual fund in 1999 created arbitrage opportunities for a number of institutional players. Bond funds and Liquid funds registered the highest growth in this period, accounting for nearly 60% of the assets. UTIs share of the industry dropped to nearly 50%.Types of mutual fundsOpen ended schemesAn open-end fund is one that is available for subscription all through the year. This type of Mutual funds does not have a predefined maturity period. The key feature is liquidity. Direct dealing is another noticeable feature.One can easily buy and sell units at Net Asset Value link up prices.Close ended schemesHere maturity period is predefined ordinarily ranging from 2 to 15 years. Investment can be done directly in the scheme at the time of the initial issue and units can be brought and sold whenever units are listed in the stock exchanges.Types of Schemes1. Equity/growth oriented Funds Equity schemes are those that invest predominantly in equity shares of companies. An equity scheme seeks to provide returns by way of capital appreciation. As a class of assets, equities are discomfit to greater fluctuations. Hence, the NAVs of these schemes will also fluctuate frequently. Equity schemes are more volatile, but offer bettor returns.2. Balanced Funds The aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and veritable(a) income. such schemes periodically distribute a part of their earning and invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in their offer documents.3. Index Funds An Index Fund is a mutual fund that tries to mirror a market business leader, like Nifty or BSE Sensex , as closely as likely by investi ng in all the stocks that comprise that superpower in proportions equal to the weight age of those stocks in the indicant.4. Income/debt oriented Funds These schemes invest mainly in income-bearing instruments like bonds, debentures, government securities, commercial paper, etcetera These instruments are much less volatile than equity schemes. Their volatility depends essentially on the health of the economy e.g., rupee depreciation, fiscal deficit, inflationary pressure. Performance of such schemes also depends on bond ratings.1) Equity FundsAs explained earlier, such funds invest only in stocks, the riskiest of asset classes. With share prices fluctuating daily, such funds video display volatile performance, even losses. However, these funds can yield great capital appreciation as, historically, equities have outperformed all asset classes.At present, there are four types of equity funds available in the market. In the increasing order of risk, these area) Index fundsThese fun ds track a key stock market index, like the BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Sensex or the NSE (National Stock Exchange) SP CNX Nifty. Hence, their portfolio mirrors the index they track, both in terms of piece and the individual stock weightages. For instance, an index fund that tracks the Sensex will invest only in the Sensex stocks. The idea is to re-create the performance of the benchmarked index to near accuracy. Index funds dont need fund managers, as there is no stock selection involved.Investing through index funds is a passive investment strategy, as a funds performance will invariably mimic the index concerned, barring a minor trailing actus reus. Usually, theres a difference between the total returns given by a stock index and those given by index funds benchmarked to it. Termed as tracking error, it arises because the index fund charges management fees, marketing expenses and exploit costs (impact cost and brokerage) to its unit holders.So, if the Sensex appreciates 10 pe r cent during a particular period while an index fund mirroring the Sensex rises 9 per cent, the fund is said to have a tracking error of 1 per cent.To bedeck with an example, assume you invested Rs 1,000 in an index fund based on the Sensex on 1 April 1978, when the index was launched (base 100). In August, when the Sensex was at 3.457, your investment would be worth Rs 34,570, which works out to an annualised return of 17.2 per cent. A tracking error of 1 per cent would bring down your annualised return to 16.2 per cent. Obviously, lower the tracking error, the better are the index funds.b) Diversified fundsSuch funds have the mandate to invest in the entire universe of stocks. Although by definition, such funds are meant to have a diversified portfolio (spread crosswise industries and companies), the stock selection is entirely the exclusive right of the fund manager. This discretionary power in the hands of the fund manager can work both ways for an equity fund.On the one hand , astute stock-picking by a fund manager can enable the fund to deliver market-beating returns on the other hand, if the fund managers picks languish, the returns will be far lower. Returns from a diversified fund depend a lot on the fund managers capabilities to make the right investment decisions. A portfolio concentrated in a few sectors or companies is a high risk, high return proposition.c) Tax-saving fundsAlso known as ELSS or equity-linked savings schemes, these funds offer benefits under Section 88 of the Income-Tax Act. So, on an investment of up to Rs 10,000 a year in an ELSS, one can claim a tax exemption of 20 per cent from his taxable income. One can invest more than Rs 10,000, but then he wont get the Section 88 benefits for the amount in excess of Rs 10,000. The only drawback to ELSS is that one has to lock into the scheme for three years.In terms of investment profile, tax-saving funds are like diversified funds.The one difference is that because of the three year lo ck-in clause, tax-saving funds get more time to run the benefits from their stock picks, opposed plain diversified funds, whose portfolios sometimes tend to get dictated by redemption compulsions.d) Sector fundsThe riskiest among equity funds, sector funds invest only in stocks of a specific industry, say IT or FMCG. A sector funds NAV will zoom if the sector performs well however, if the sector languishes, the schemes NAV too will enlistment depressed. Barring a few defensive, evergreen sectors like FMCG and pharma, most other industries alternate between periods of good growth and bouts of slowdowns. The way to make money from sector funds is to catch these cyclesget in when the sector is poised for an upswing and exit before it slips back.2) Difference between direct equity and mutual fundsA mutual fund is the ideal investment vehicle for todays complex and modern financial scenario. Markets for equity shares, bonds and other fixed income instruments, real estate, derivatives and other assets have become mature and information driven.Price changes in these assets are driven by global events occurring in faraway places. A typical individual is unlikely to have the knowledge, skills, inclination and time to keep track of events, understand their implications and act speedily. An individual also finds it difficult to keep track of ownership of his assets, investments, brokerage dues and bank transactions etc.Investing in Mutual Fund is convenient because of two basic reasons. All investment carry risks, especially equity investment that bears larger risks, their returns are more volatile and uneven. To cut down the risk one needs to put money in several instruments rather than in one or two products. A Mutual Fund can effectively spread its investments across various sectors of the economy and amongst several products. Risk diversification is the Key. Secondly where to invest and where not to, is a vary business. One may not have the expertness, time and resources of a well-managed fund.ADVANTAGES OF A MUTUAL FUND1. Professional ManagementQualified professionals manage money, but they are not alone.They have a research team that continuously analyses the performance and prospects of companies. They also select suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme, so you see that it is a continuous process that takes time and expertise that will add value to investment. These fund managers are in a better position to manage investments and get higher returns.2. DiversificationThe clich, dont put all eggs in one basket really applies to the excogitation of intelligent investing. Diversification lowers risk of loss by spreading money across various industries. It is a rare occasion when all stocks decline at the same time and in the same proportion. Sector funds will spread investment across only one industry and it would not be wise for portfolio to be skewed towards these types of funds for obvious reasons.3. Choice of Schem esMutual funds offer a variety of schemes that will suit investors needs over a lifetime. When they enter a new stage in life, all needed to do is sit down with investment advisor who will help to rearrange portfolio to suit altered lifestyle.4. AffordabilityA small investor may find that it is not possible to buy shares of larger corporations. Mutual funds generally buy and sell securities in large volumes that allow investors to benefit from lower trading costs. The smallest investor can get started on mutual funds because of the minimal investment requirements. One can invest with a minimum of Rs. 500 in a Systematic Investment Plan on a regular basis.5. Tax BenefitsInvestments held by investors for a period of 12 months or more qualify for with child(p) gains and will be taxed accordingly (10% of the amount by which the investment appreciated, or 20% after factoring in the benefit of cost indexation, whichever is lower). These investments also get the benefit of indexation.6. LiquidityWith open-end funds, you can redeem all or part of investment any time you wish and receive the current value of the shares or the NAV related price. Funds are more liquid than most investments in shares, deposits and bonds and the process is standardized, making it quick and efficient so that you can get cash in hand as soon as possible.7. rupee Cost AveragingThrough using this concept of investing the same amount regularly, mutual funds give investor the usefulness of getting the average unit price over the long-term. This reduces risk and also allows you to discipline self by actually investing every month or quarterly and not making sporadic investments.8. The foil of Mutual FundsThe performance of a mutual fund is reviewed by various publications and rating agencies, making it undemanding for investors to compare one to the other. Once you are part of a mutual fund scheme, you are provided with regular updates, for example daily NAVs, as well as information on the s pecific investments made and the fund managers strategy and outlook of the scheme.9. Easy To AdministerMutual funds units in modern times are not issued in the form of certificates, with a minimum denomination rather they are issued as account statement append a facility to hold units in fraction upto 4 decimal points.10. Highly RegulatedThe governing of mutual funds by SEBI ensures that the fund activities are carried out in the best interest of the investors.DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDSThe following are some of the reasons which are deterrent to mutual fund investment * Costs despite damaging Returns Investors must pay sales charges, annual fees, and other expenses regardless of how the fund performs. And, depending on the timing of their investment, investors may also have to pay taxes on any capital gains distribution they receive even if the fund went on to perform poorly after they bought shares. * Lack of Control Investors typically cannot ascertain the exact constitut e of a funds portfolio at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys and sells or the timing of those trades. * Price Uncertainty with an individual stock, you can obtain real-time (or close to real-time) set information with relative ease by checking financial websites or by calling your broker. You can also monitor how a stocks price changes from hour to hour or even second to second.By contrast, with a mutual fund, the price at which you purchase or redeem shares will typically depend on the funds NAV, which the fund might not calculate until many hours after youve placed your order. In general, mutual funds must calculate their NAV at least once every business day, typically after the major U.S. exchanges close.Some mutual fund schemes with the point of attractiveness to investors -Comparison of best performing mutual funds with index Equity schemesEquity schemes are those that invest predominantly in equity shares of companies. An equity scheme seeks to provide returns by way of capital appreciation. As a class of assets, equities are subject to greater fluctuations. Hence, the NAVs of these schemes will also fluctuate frequently. Equity schemes are more volatile, but offer better returns.These can be further classified into three types1. Diversified Equity schemesThe aim of diversified equity funds is to provide the investor with capital appreciation over a medium to long period (generally 2 5 years). The fund invests in equity shares of companies from a diverse array of industries and balances (or tries to) the portfolio so as to prevent any perverse impact on returns due to a downturn in one or two sectors.2. Equity Linked Saving Schemes (ELSS)These schemes generally offer tax rebates to the investor under section 88 of the Income Tax law. These schemes generally diversify the equity risk by investing in a wider array of stocks across sectors. ELSS is usually considered a variant of diversified equity sc heme but with a tax friendly offer3. Sectoral Fund/ Industry Specific schemesIndustry Specific Schemes invest only in the industries specified in the offer document. The investment of these funds is limited to specific industries like InfoTech, FMCG, and Pharmaceuticals etc.These are ideal for investors who have already decided to invest in particular sector or segment. Sectoral Funds tend to have a very high risk-reward ratio and investors should be careful of putting all their eggs in one basket.CONCLUSIONIn the current scenario, investing is very important and investing in stock markets is a major challenge ever for professionals. The young people should start investing earlier so that they can reap the benefits of investing in future. People should keep their eye open and keep updating themselves about various investment avenues so that they can get safe returns.BIBILIOGRAPHY1. Anjan Chakrabarti and Harsh Rungta, 2000, Mutual Funds Industry in India An in-depth look into the pro blems of credibility, Risk and Brand ,The ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, Vol.6, No.2, April, 27-45.2. Bhalla V.K., Investment Management, S.Chand Company Ltd., Eleventh Edition, 20043. Bodie, Kane, Marcus warranter psychoanalysis and Portfolio Management, 5th edition Tata Mc Graw hill publications.4. Customer Orientation in Designing Mutual Fund Products, -An Analytical Approach to Indian Market Preferences, Dr Tapan K Panda, Faculty Member, Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow.5. FISHER AND JORDEN (2000) Security analysis and portfolio management, Prentice hall.6. L.M.BHOLE (2005) Financial institutions and market, Tata Mcgraw hill.7. Preparatory Books For AMFI Exam NJ Investment India Pvt. Ltd. Edition June 098. Review Of merchandise Research, Volume 5 K. Naresh Malhotra9. V.A.AVADHANI (2006) Security analysis and portfolio management, Himalaya publishing house. 6thEdition.